Peter Iverson is Regents' Professor of History (Emeritus) at Arizona State University. He is the author, co-author, or editor of more than 12 books including We Will Secure Our Future: Empowering the Navajo Nation (with Peterson Zah, 2012), Diné: A History of the Navajos (2002), When Indians Became Cowboys (1997), and The Navajo Nation (1983). He has received the Outstanding Doctoral Mentor Award from the Graduate College at Arizona State University and awards for his service to the Navajo Nation and the Ak-Chin Indian Community.

Wade Davies is Professor of Native American Studies at the University of Montana. He is the author of Healing Ways: Navajo Health Care in the Twentieth Century (2001), numerous articles on the history of American Indian sports, and is co-editor of American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography (with Richmond L. Clow, 2009).

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition x

Introduction 1

1 “We Indians Will Be Indians All Our Lives,” 1890–1920 10

Disappearing Peoples? 13

Education 19

Religions 28

Land 32

Identities 39

World War I 53

2 Confronting Continuation, 1921–1932 57

Failed Policies 58

Collier and the Pueblo Indians 62

Rights, Opportunities, and Identity 66

Tourism and the Arts 69

Work, Community, and Government 74

Moving Toward Reform 78

3 Initiatives and Impositions, 1933–1940 83

Collier’s Perspective 84

Cultural Considerations 87

Education, Health Care, and Land Use 93

The Indian Reorganization Act 97

Alaska and Oklahoma 106

Land Bases and Recognition 107

4 The War, Termination, and the Start of Self-Determination, 1941–1961 112

World War II and Its Consequences 114

The NCAI, the ICC, and Legal Representation 124

The Termination Era 129

Dimensions of Termination 135

Urban Migration and Relocation 143

Toward Self-Determination 147

5 The Struggle for Sovereignty, 1962–1980 151

Restoration 154

Fishing Rights and the Growth of Activism 159

Lands and Recognition 168

Education and Economies 172

Rights and Restrictions 183

Writers, Musicians, and Artists 185

6 “We Are All Indians,” 1981–1999 190

Native Identity 191

New Voices, New Images 197

Museums and Repatriation 203

Gaming 206

Communities 213

Rights 216

Economies and Education 220

Here to Stay 223

7 “Much Work Remains to Be Done,” 2000–2013 227

The Museum on the National Mall 229

The Cobell Settlement 231

Evolving Relations 234

Indigenous and International 239

Community Well-Being 243

Education and Revitalization 248

Economies 254

Gaming 259

Recognition 265

Appendix: American Indian Communities 269

Bibliographical Essay 288

Index 311

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