9780201350913

This in-depth review of water-resources engineering essentials focuses on both fundamentals and design applications. Emphasis on fundamentals encourages readers' understanding of basic equations in water-resources engineering and the background that is necessary to develop innovative solutions to complex problems. Comprehensive design applications illustrate the practical application of the basic equations of water-resources engineering. Full coverage of hydraulics, hydrology, and water-resources planning and management is provided. Hydraulics is separated into closed-conduit flow and open-channel flow, and hydrology is separated into surface-water hydrology and ground-water hydrology. For professionals looking for a reference book on water-resources engineering.

David A. Chin, P.E., is Department Head of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. Dr. Chin is a graduate of the California Institute of Technology and the Georgia Institute of Technology. He has held positions in hydropower engineering with Harza Engineering Company in Chicago and is a recipient of the prestigious Collingwood Prize awarded by the American Society of Environmental Engineers. Dr. Chin is a Diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and a Fellow of the ASCE. His technical articles have been published in numerous journals including Water-Resources Research, Journal of Hydrology and the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, among others.

Preface

xiii

Introduction

1

(8)

Water-Resources Engineering

1

(2)

The Hydrologic Cycle

3

(2)

Design of Water-Resource Systems

5

(2)

Water-Control Systems

6

(1)

Water-Use Systems

7

(1)

About This Book

7

(2)

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

9

(56)

Introduction

9

(1)

Physical Properties of Water

9

(7)

Fluid Statics

16

(16)

Pressure Distribution in Static Fluids

16

(3)

Pressure Measurements

19

(3)

Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

22

(4)

Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

26

(6)

Fluid Kinematics

32

(3)

Turbulence

33

(1)

Reynolds Transport Theorem

34

(1)

Fluid Dynamics

35

(18)

Conservation of Mass

35

(1)

Conservation of Momentum

36

(15)

Conservation of Energy

51

(2)

Dimensional Analysis and Similitude

53

(12)

Summary

59

(1)

Problems

59

(6)

Flow in Closed Conduits

65

(73)

Introduction

65

(1)

Single Pipelines

65

(28)

Continuity Equation

65

(2)

Momentum Equation

67

(13)

Energy Equation

80

(13)

Multiple Pipelines

93

(8)

Nodal Method

94

(3)

Loop Method

97

(4)

Pumps

101

(15)

Affinity Laws

105

(2)

Operating Point

107

(4)

Limits on Pump Location

111

(3)

Multiple-Pump Systems

114

(2)

Design of Water Distribution Systems

116

(22)

Components of a Distribution Systems

116

(1)

Water Demand

117

(10)

Pipelines

127

(1)

Operating Criteria for Water-Distribution Systems

128

(4)

Network Analysis

132

(1)

Summary

133

(1)

Problems

133

(5)

Flow in Open Channels

138

(112)

Introduction

138

(1)

Basic Principles

138

(23)

Continuity Equation

139

(1)

Momentum Equation

139

(12)

Energy Equation

151

(10)

Water Surface Profiles

161

(16)

Profile Equation

161

(2)

Classification of Water-Surface Profiles

163

(4)

Hydraulic Jump

167

(3)

Computation of Water-Surface Profiles

170

(7)

Hydraulic Structures

177

(27)

Weirs

177

(10)

Parshall Flume

187

(4)

Gates

191

(5)

Culverts

196

(8)

Design of Open Channels

204

(20)

Basic Principles

205

(3)

Lined Channels

208

(4)

Unlined Channels

212

(7)

Grass-Lined Channels

219

(5)

Design of Sanitary-Sewer Systems

224

(18)

Design Flows

224

(3)

Hydraulics of Sewers

227

(3)

Sewer-Pipe Material

230

(1)

System Layout

230

(4)

Sulfide Generation

234

(2)

Design Computations

236

(6)

Computer Models

242

(8)

Summary

243

(1)

Problems

244

(6)

Probability and Statistics in Water-Resources Engineering

250

(49)

Introduction

250

(1)

Probability Distributions

251

(28)

Discrete Probability Distributions

251

(1)

Continuous Probability Distributions

252

(1)

Mathematical Expectation and Moments

253

(4)

Return Period

257

(1)

Common Probability Functions

258

(21)

Analysis of Hydrologic Data

279

(15)

Estimation of Population Distribution

279

(6)

Estimation of Population Parameters

285

(3)

Frequency Analysis

288

(6)

Floods

294

(5)

Summary

295

(1)

Problems

295

(4)

Surface-Water Hydrology

299

(160)

Introduction

299

(1)

Rainfall

299

(24)

Local Rainfall

300

(10)

Spatially Averaged Rainfall

310

(2)

Design Rainfall

312

(11)

Rainfall Abstractions

323

(25)

Interception

323

(2)

Depression Storage

325

(1)

Infiltration

326

(19)

Rainfall Excess on Composite Areas

345

(3)

Runoff Models

348

(39)

Time of Concentration

349

(10)

Peak-Runoff Models

359

(6)

Continuous-Runoff Models

365

(22)

Routing Models

387

(9)

Hydrologic Routing

387

(7)

Hydraulic Routing

394

(2)

Water Quality Models

396

(4)

USGS Model

397

(2)

EPA Model

399

(1)

Design of Stormwater Management Systems

400

(36)

Minor System

401

(14)

Runoff Controls

415

(21)

Major System

436

(1)

Evapotranspiration

436

(12)

The Penman-Monteith Equation

438

(9)

Evaporation Pans

447

(1)

Computer Models

448

(11)

Summary

449

(1)

Problems

450

(9)

Ground-Water Hydrology

459

(126)

Introduction

459

(5)

Basic Equations of Ground-Water Flow

464

(29)

Darcy's Law

464

(12)

General Flow Equation

476

(5)

Two-Dimensional Approximations

481

(12)

Solutions of the Ground-Water Flow Equation

493

(32)

Steady Uniform Flow in a Confined Aquifer

493

(1)

Steady Uniform Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer

494

(1)

Steady Unconfined Flow Between Two Reservoirs

495

(3)

Steady Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer

498

(3)

Steady Flow to a Well in an Unconfined Aquifer

501

(3)

Steady Flow to a Well in a Leaky Confined Aquifer

504

(5)

Steady Flow to a Well in an Unconfined Aquifer with Recharge

509

(2)

Unsteady Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer

511

(6)

Unsteady Flow to a Well in an Unconfined Aquifer

517

(2)

Unsteady Flow to a Well in a Leaky Confined Aquifer

519

(3)

Partially Penetrating Wells

522

(3)

Principle of Superposition

525

(5)

Multiple Wells

525

(3)

Well in Uniform Flow

528

(2)

Method of Images

530

(6)

Constant-Head Boundary

530

(3)

Impermeable Boundary

533

(3)

Other Applications

536

(1)

Saltwater Intrusion

536

(5)

Ground-Water Flow in the Unsaturated Zone

541

(4)

Engineered Systems

545

(31)

Design of Wellfields

545

(2)

Design of Water-Supply Wells

547

(12)

Wellhead Protection

559

(4)

Design of Aquifer Pumping Tests

563

(5)

Slug Test

568

(4)

Design of Exfiltration Trenches

572

(4)

Computer Models

576

(9)

Summary

577

(1)

Problems

578

(7)

Hydrologic Fate and Transport Processes

585

(102)

Introduction

585

(1)

Water Quality

585

(12)

Measures of Water Quality

586

(7)

Water-Quality Standards

593

(4)

Fate and Transport Processes

597

(4)

Rivers and Streams

601

(26)

Initial Mixing

602

(6)

Longitudinal Dispersion

608

(3)

Spills

611

(7)

Oxygen-Sag Model

618

(9)

Lakes

627

(12)

Near-Shore Mixing Model

628

(2)

Eutrophication

630

(4)

Thermal Stratification

634

(1)

Completely Mixed Model

635

(4)

Ocean Discharges

639

(14)

Near-Field Mixing

640

(8)

Far-Field Mixing

648

(5)

Ground Water

653

(25)

Dispersion Models

655

(6)

Transport Processes

661

(7)

Fate Processes

668

(8)

Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids

676

(2)

Computer Models

678

(9)

Summary

680

(1)

Problems

681

(6)

Appendices

A Units and Conversion Factors

687

(4)

A.1 Units

687

(1)

A.2 Conversion Factors

688

(3)

B Fluid Properties

691

(2)

B.1 Water

691

(1)

B.2 Organic Compounds Found in Contaminated Water

692

(1)

C Geometric Properties of Plane Surfaces

693

(2)

D Statistical Tables

695

(4)

D.1 Areas Under Standard Normal Curve

695

(2)

D.2 Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution

697

(1)

D.3 Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistic

698

(1)

E Special Functions

699

(2)

E.1 Error Function

699

(1)

E.2 Gamma Function

700

(1)

F Bessel Functions

701

(6)

F.1 Definition

701

(1)

F.2 Evaluation of Bessel Functions

701

(2)

F.2.1 Bessel Function of the First Kind of Order n

702

(1)

F.2.2 Bessel Function of the Second Kind of Order n

702

(1)

F.2.3 Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind of Order n

702

(1)

F.2.4 Modified Bessel Function of the Second Kind of Order n

702

(1)

F.3 Tabulated Bessel Functions

703

(4)

F.3.1 I0(x), K0(x), I1(x), and K1(x)

703

(4)

G Drinking-Water Standards

707

(4)

G.1 Primary Drinking-Water Standards

707

(2)

G.2 Secondary Drinking-Water Standards

709

(2)

Bibliography

711

(22)

Index

733

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Preface Water-resources engineering is concerned with the design of systems that control the quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of water to support both human habitation and the needs of the environment. Water-resources engineers are typically trained in civil or environmental engineering programs and specialize in a variety of areas, including the design of water-supply systems, water and wastewater treatment facilities, irrigation and drainage systems, hydropower systems, and flood-control systems.The technical and scientific bases for most water-resources specializations are found in the areas of fluid mechanics, hydraulics, hydrology, contaminant fate and transport processes, and water-treatment processes. Many engineering schools classify watertreatment processes as a subject that belongs to environmental engineering rather than water-resources engineering; however, a holistic view of the practice of waterresources engineering supports the study of water-treatment processes as part of both water-resources and environmental engineering specialties. The pigeonholing of fluid mechanics, hydraulics, hydrology, and contaminant fate and transport into discrete subjects, usually taught in separate courses using different textbooks, has resulted in large part from the extensive knowledge base that has developed in each of these areas and the commensurate specialization of engineers involved in research and academic practice. Engineering students are consequently left with a sense of compartmentalization and intimidation. Typically, they fail to see the complete picture of water-resources engineering and view each specialty as so vast that mastery at the undergraduate level is impossible. To address this misperception, an integrated treatment of water-resources engineering must necessarily present the fundamental aspects of the field while providing sufficient detail for the student to feel comfortable and competent in all the areas covered. Such an integrated approach has been taken in preparing this text, resulting in a book that covers the topics most fundamental to the practicing water-resources engineer-- and does so with sufficient rigor that further instruction, whether at the graduate level or in professional journals, can be assimilated at a high technical level.A course in fluid mechanics is generally regarded as the first step in a water-resources engineering track, and criteria for accrediting civil and environmental engineering programs in the United States (ABET Engineering Criteria 2000) require at most that engineering students demonstrate a proficiency in fluid mechanics relevant to their program of study. This book covers the elements of fluid mechanics relevant to a waterresources engineering track as well as the fundamentals of fluid mechanics covered on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam. The majority of this book provides detailed treatment of hydraulics, surface-water hydrology, ground-water hydrology, and hydrologic fate and transport processes, and it features practical design applications in all of these areas. The text incorporates, and explains in detail, the design of water distribution systems, sanitary sewer systems, stormwater management systems, and water-quality control systems in rivers, lakes, ground waters, and coastal waters. Care has been taken that all the design protocols presented in this book are consistent with the relevant American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Water Environment Federation (WET), and American Water Works Association (AWWA) Manuals of Practice.The topics covered in this book constitute much of the technical background expected of water-resources engineers and part of the core requirements for environmental engineering students. This text is appropriate for undergraduate and first-year graduate courses in hydraulics, hydrology, and contaminant fate and transport processes. It also incorporates enough fluid mechanics b

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Water-Resources Engineering

Water-Resources Engineering

0201350912

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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