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Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

by: Muraskin, Roslyn; Roberts, Albert R.

Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

by: Muraskin, Roslyn; Roberts, Albert R.

ISBN 13:
9780130420305
ISBN 10:
0130420301
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2002
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

Exceptionally current and complete, this collection of readings examines — in detail — critical criminal justice policies and practices as evident in all criminal justice agencies throughout the United States. Linking the past, present, and future of criminal justice, the authors discuss important issues currently impacting the system, address the challenges that lie ahead in criminal justice in the 21st century, and outline their vision for how these issues will be handled in the next century. Gangs. Gender and Race. The War on Drugs. Terrorism. Crime Victims. The Techno<45>Economic Revolution. Computer<45>Based Technologies. The Fall of the Death Penalty. HIV<45>Related Issues. Women in Policing. Constitutional Law and the Courts. Correctional Issues. For criminal justice professionals and anyone interested in criminal justice.

Foreword

xvii

Samuel S. Souryal

Preface

xxi

Roslyn Muraskin

About the Authors and Contributors

xxv

PART I OVERVIEW

(8)

Looking to the Future of Criminal Justice

(6)

Roslyn Muraskin

Albert R. Roberts

PART II LINKING CRIME CHALLENGES IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY

(88)

The War on Drugs: Treatment, Research, and Substance Abuse Intervention in the Twenty-First Century

(26)

C. Aaron McNeece

Bruce Bullington

Elizabeth L. Mayfield Arnold

David W. Springer

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Justice System Interventions with Drug Users

(2)

Current practices in drug offender intervention

(9)

Self-Help Programs

(1)

Individual, Family, and Group Counseling

(1)

Psychoeducational Approaches

(1)

Case Management

(1)

Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime

(1)

Acupuncture

(1)

Urine Drug Testing

(2)

Milieu Approaches

(2)

Probation

(1)

Toward a Paradigm Shift in Drug Policy

(10)

Prohibitionist Reduction Approaches

(1)

Enter Harm Reduction

(3)

Medical Marijuana

(6)

Conclusions

(4)

The Situation of Crime Victims in the Early Decades of the Twenty-First Century

(15)

Andrew Karmen

Abstract

(1)

Forecasting Future Developments

(1)

The Situation Victims Faced in the Late Twentieth Century

(2)

Anticipating the Situation of Victims in the Early Twenty-First Century by Projecting Existing Trends

(9)

How the Trend Toward Granting Victims Greater Formal Rights within the Criminal Justice Process Might Lead to the Emergence of Victim Advocates

(1)

How the Trend toward Commercialization Will Lead to More Victimization Prevention Devices and Services

(1)

How the Trend toward Privatizing Criminal Justice Functions Might Lead to Private Prosecution

(3)

How the Trend toward Developing More Alternatives to Both Adjudication and Incarceration Might Bring About a Greater Reliance on Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs

(2)

How the Trend toward Differential Justice Might Increase the Gap in the Way Victims are Handled

(2)

The Perils of Crystal-Ball Gazing

(3)

Gangs: Status, Characteristics, Community and Police Responses, and Policy Implications

(17)

Kenneth J. Peak

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Gang Origins, Composition, and Characteristics

(5)

Early Formation and Research

(2)

Contemporary Status and Types of Gangs

(1)

Graffiti and Hand Signals

(1)

Girls in Gangs

(1)

Revenues and Expenditures

(1)

Responses to Gangs

(7)

Programs or Police Crackdowns: Which Method Is Best?

(3)

A Typology

(1)

Related Suppression and Intervention Techniques

(2)

Applying Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving

(1)

Policy Implications for the Future

(2)

Summary

(3)

Looking for a New Approach to an Old Problem: The Future of Obscenity and Pornography

(17)

Jay S. Albanese

Abstract

(1)

New Concern for an Old Problem

(1)

Methods and Sources

(1)

What Is Pornography?

(1)

The Pornography Industry

(1)

The Pornography-Harm Link

(2)

Sex Education and Citizen Action

(1)

Law and Law Enforcement

(2)

Explaining the Differences in the Obscenity Commissions

(2)

The Rise of the Internet

(1)

Issues for the Future

(5)

Obscenity: Front Sex to Violence

(2)

Why Is Pornography So Popular?

(3)

Murder and Mayhem in the Media: Public Perceptions (and Misperceptions) of Crime and Criminality

(11)

Charles B. Fields

Robert A. Jerin

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Crime Reporting and Public Perceptions

(3)

Crime Reporting and Official Crime Statistics

(3)

Conclusions

(4)

PART III POLICING NOW AND IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY

(62)

Police Response to Domestic Violence Complaints: Bridging Yesterday to Now

(25)

Albert R. Roberts

Stephen L. Ruland

Vincent E. Henry

Abstract

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Police Response to Domestic Violence in the Mid-1990s

100

(9)

Historical Overview

102

(1)

The Impact of Feminism

102

(1)

The Impact of Research

103

(3)

Research on Deterrent Effects of Arrest

106

(1)

Pro-arrest Policies

107

(2)

A Model Domestic Violence Intervention Program

109

(11)

Summary and Conclusions

120

(4)

The Influence of Community in Community Policing in the Twenty-First Century

124

(13)

Michael J. Palmiotto

Abstract

124

(1)

Introduction

124

(2)

The Crime Problem

126

(1)

Community-Oriented Policing

127

(2)

Community Defined

127

(1)

Community-Oriented Policing Philosophy

128

(1)

Policing in the Early Twenty-First Century

129

(5)

Community Influence

130

(1)

Citizen Police Academies

131

(1)

Community Advisory Councils

131

(1)

Civilian Oversight

132

(1)

Privatizing the Police

133

(1)

Conclusions

134

(3)

Legal Issues in Policing

137

(22)

Robert J. Meadows

Abstract

137

(1)

Introduction

137

(1)

The Police and the Community

138

(4)

Domestic Violence and the Police

142

(3)

Controlling the Police

145

(1)

Civil Liability in Policing

146

(5)

The Exclusionary Rule and Policing

151

(3)

Conclusions

154

(5)

PART IV THE COURTS AND FUTURE INTERPRETATION OF LAW

159

(144)

The Rise and Fall of the U.S. Death Penalty in the Twenty-First Century

161

(37)

Kenneth C. Haas

Abstract

161

(1)

Introduction

162

(1)

The Post-Gregg Confusion

163

(1)

The Post-Gregg Years: 1976-1983

163

(4)

The Post-Gregg Years (1983-Present)

167

(13)

The Supreme Court and the Prospects for Abolishing Capital Punishment

180

(10)

Conclusions

190

(8)

The Future Impact of International Law on the U.S. Death Penalty

198

(19)

Christopher M. Cevasco

Introduction

198

(1)

International Obligations of the United States

199

(7)

Customary International Law

200

(2)

International Treaties

202

(4)

The Death Row Phenomenon

206

(3)

The Execusion of Juvenile Offenders

209

(1)

The Execution of Foreign Nationals

209

(3)

Conclusions

212

(5)

The Bill of Rights in the Twenty-First Century

217

(21)

Alexander B. Smith

Harriet Pollack

Matthew Muraskin

Abstract

217

(1)

Introduction

218

(1)

The State of the Law as of the End of the Twentieth Century

219

(6)

First Amendment

219

(1)

Fourth Amendment

219

(2)

Fifth Amendment

221

(1)

Sixth Amendment

222

(1)

Eighth Amendment

223

(2)

New Issues for the Twenty-First Century

225

(10)

First Amendment

225

(2)

Fourth Amendment

227

(1)

Fifth Amendment

228

(2)

Sixth Amendment

230

(1)

Eighth Amendment

231

(4)

Criminal Justice Issues Not Related to the Bill of Rights

235

(1)

Conclusions

235

(3)

A Comparative Analysis of Victim Impact Testimony in Capital Cases in New Jersey and Texas

238

(27)

Ronald L. Reisner

Peter J. Nelligan

Abstract

238

(1)

Introduction

238

(1)

The Changing Legal Role of Victims

239

(1)

The Victims' Rights Movement

240

(1)

Victim Impact Statements

241

(1)

Victims' Rights in Texas

242

(1)

Capital Murder and Capital Punishment in Texas

243

(1)

Victims' Rights in New Jersey

244

(1)

Capital Murder and Capital Punishment in New Jersey

245

(2)

Methodology

247

(1)

Results

248

(2)

Relationships

250

(2)

Character Testimony

252

(2)

Short-Term Impact

254

(2)

Long-Term Impact

256

(4)

Conclusions

260

(5)

Reaffirming Juvenile Justice

265

(22)

Peter J. Benekos

Alida V. Merlo

Abstract

265

(1)

Introduction

265

(1)

History of Juvenile Justice

266

(4)

Transformation

267

(1)

Racial Disparity

268

(1)

Lessons from the First 100 Years

269

(1)

Emergent Themes and Trends in Juvenile Justice

270

(3)

Good News: Crime Continues to Decline

270

(1)

Politics, Public Opinion, and National Issues

271

(1)

Prevention and Early Intervention

271

(1)

Public Support for Prevention

272

(1)

Future Models for Juvenile Justice

272

(1)

Promising Strategies for Youth Intervention

273

(5)

Specialty Courts

273

(2)

Collaborative Intensive Community Treatment Program

275

(1)

Project CRAFT

276

(1)

Identifying Risk Factors

276

(1)

Parenting Programs

277

(1)

Low-Birth Weight Babies

278

(1)

Issues for the Future

278

(9)

Gangs

278

(1)

Disproportionate Minority Representation

279

(1)

Capital Punishment

280

(1)

Adultification

281

(1)

Models of Juvenile Justice

281

(6)

A Study of the Criminal Motivations of Sentenced Jail Inmates

287

(16)

Robert J. Meadows

Kimberly L. Anklin

Abstract

287

(1)

Introduction

287

(5)

Method

292

(1)

Participants

292

(1)

Procedure

293

(1)

Discussion

293

(7)

Appendix: Inmate Study

300

(3)

PART V TECHNOLOGY IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY

303

(66)

Technology and Criminal Justice

305

(17)

Joseph J. Grau

Abstract

305

(1)

Technological Society

305

(3)

The High-Tech Crime Scene

308

(10)

High-Tech Crime Scene Infobanks

310

(5)

High-Tech Crime Surveillance Technology

315

(1)

The Clipper Chip

315

(1)

The High-Tech Criminal

316

(2)

Technology and Criminal Justice Management

318

(2)

Conclusions

320

(2)

The Technoeconomic Revolution: Reengineering Criminal Justice Organizations and Workplaces

322

(9)

Rosemary L. Gido

Abstract

322

(1)

Introduction

322

(1)

Workforce Issues for the Decade

323

(2)

Change in U.S. Workforce Composition

323

(2)

Information Technology and Workplace Organization

325

(1)

Twenty-First Century Workforce Trends: Personnel Dilemmas for Criminal Justice Organizations and Workplaces

325

(1)

Barriers to Criminal Justice Organizational Change

326

(1)

Reactivity and Inertia

326

(1)

Gender and Racial Barriers

327

(1)

Emerging Models of Criminal Justice Organization Change

327

(1)

Community Policing

327

(1)

Conclusions

328

(3)

Prosecuting Environmental Crime in the Twenty-First Century

331

(20)

Donald J. Rebovich

Abstract

331

(1)

Introduction

331

(1)

A New Criminal Role: The Local Environmental Prosecutor

332

(1)

Barriers to Effective Environmental Prosecution: What Is Currently Known

333

(2)

Factors Affecting Environmental Prosecution in the Future

335

(8)

Wider Acceptance of Strict Penalties for Environmental Offenses

335

(2)

Self-Auditing Privileges

337

(1)

Environmental Equity

338

(1)

Displacement of Environmental Crime

339

(1)

Standards for the Admissibility of Scientific Evidence: The Daubert Test

340

(1)

Training

341

(1)

Experimentation with New Technologies/Strategies

342

(1)

Discussion and Implications for Future Research

343

(8)

The Impact of Computer Based Technologies on Criminal Justice: Transition to the Twenty-First Century

351

(18)

William G. Archambeault

Abstract

351

(1)

Introduction

351

(1)

Rise of the Information Society and Computer Dependency

352

(1)

Computer-Based Technologies and Criminal Justice of the 1990s

353

(10)

Database Management

355

(1)

Computer-Assisted Organizational Communications

356

(2)

Computer Assisted Diagnosis, Instruction, and Training

358

(1)

Computer-Assisted Monitoring of Offenses

359

(4)

Computer-Related Crime

363

(1)

Criminal Justice Twenty-First Century: Implications and Conclusions

363

(6)

PART VI CORRECTIONAL ISSUES IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY

369

(56)

An Introduction to Prison Privatization: Issues for the Twenty-First Century

371

(19)

Michael Hallett

Abstract

371

(1)

Introduction: Forces Driving Prison Privatization

371

(7)

Mandatory Sentencing

373

(1)

Prison Overcrowding and Cost of Incarceration

374

(1)

Current Use of Private Prisons

375

(3)

Themes in the Debate about Prison Privatization

378

(12)

The Cost Conundrum

378

(4)

Free Market Competition (Benefits) versus Service-Provider Captivity (Risks)

382

(2)

Moral, Racial, and Ethnical Issues

384

(2)

High Turnover

386

(1)

Legal issues

386

(4)

Court-Ordered Reform of Jails: Past, Present, and Future

390

(18)

Wayne N. Welsh

Abstract

390

(1)

Introduction

390

(2)

Characteristics of Jails

392

(1)

Causes of Overcrowding

392

(3)

Crime Rates

392

(1)

Legal and Political Environments

393

(1)

Demographic, Economic, and Social Conditions

393

(1)

Resources and Expenditures

394

(1)

Public Attitudes and the ``Get-Tough'' Movement

394

(1)

Court Intervention

395

(2)

The Role of the Courts

395

(1)

The Legal Process: Judges, Lawyers, and Defendants

395

(1)

Court-Ordered Change and Compliance

396

(1)

Impacts of Court-Ordered Reform

397

(2)

Changes in Institutional Conditions

397

(1)

Organizational Impacts

397

(1)

Unintended Impacts

398

(1)

Systemwide Impacts

398

(1)

Prisoner Litigation: End of the Road?

399

(2)

Implications for Criminal Justice Policy

401

(1)

Conclusions

402

(6)

Sentencing into the Twenty-First Century: Sentence Enhancement and Life without Parole

408

(17)

Etta F. Morgan

Robert T. Sigler

Abstract

408

(1)

Introduction

408

(1)

Cycles in Orientation toward the Sentencing of Criminal Offenders

408

(3)

Mediating Influences

411

(1)

Contemporary Practices

412

(1)

Habitual Offender Statutes

413

(2)

Sentence Enhancement

415

(2)

Restricted Housing

417

(1)

Determinate Sentences and Parole

417

(1)

Into the Twenty-First Century

418

(7)

PART VII GENDER AND RACE ISSUES IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY

425

(74)

Women and the Law: An Agenda for Change in the Twenty-First Century

427

(12)

Roslyn Muraskin

Martin L. O'Connor

Abstract

427

(1)

Introduction

427

(2)

History

429

(1)

Sexual Harassment

430

(2)

The Need for a National Commitment to End Violence Against Women

432

(3)

Summary

435

(1)

Agenda for Change

436

(3)

New Directions for Incarcerated Women with HIV in the Twenty-First Century: The Corrections Demonstration Project

439

(24)

Mark M. Lanier

Ronald J. Braithwaite

Kimberly R. Jacob Arriola

Abstract

439

(1)

Introduction

440

(1)

Women with HIV and AIDS

441

(1)

AIDS in Correctional Facilities

441

(1)

Incarcerated Women

442

(1)

Unique Problems

442

(4)

Medical Problems

443

(1)

Compounding Medical Problems

443

(1)

Psychological Stress

444

(2)

HIV/AIDS Medical Treatment

446

(3)

HIV/AIDS Treatment in Prison

447

(2)

Theoretical Models

449

(2)

Policy Recommendations

451

(3)

Case Management

452

(1)

Counseling

452

(1)

Health Services

452

(1)

Postrelease Services

453

(1)

Alternative Sanctions (Community Corrections)

453

(1)

Research Initiatives

454

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

457

(6)

The Administration of Justice Based on Gender and Race

463

(17)

Etta F. Morgan

Abstract

463

(1)

A Theoretical Beginning

463

(2)

The Pathway to Civil Rights and Affirmative Action

465

(2)

The Administration of Law

467

(3)

Female Criminality

470

(1)

Extralegal Factors

471

(3)

Gender

471

(1)

Race

472

(2)

The Future

474

(2)

Conclusions

476

(4)

The New Millennium: Women in Policing in the Twenty-First Century

480

(19)

Donna C. Hale

Mark Lanier

Abstract

480

(1)

Introduction

480

(2)

Methodology: Students' Perceptions of Women in American Policing

482

(1)

Findings

483

(4)

Graduate Students' Examination of Women in American Policing

487

(1)

Discussion

487

(3)

Implications

490

(2)

In the Classroom

490

(1)

Use of the Media in the Classroom

490

(1)

Star Trek: A Depiction of Women's Work and Women's Place in Space Travel

491

(1)

Conclusions

492

(7)

PART VIII CONCLUSIONS

499

(6)

The Future Is Now: Summing Up

501

(4)

Roslyn Muraskin

EPILOGUE

505

(18)

Criminal Justice in the New Millenium: The Crises of System and Science

507

(16)

David V. Baker

Richard P. Davin

Abstract

507

(1)

Introduction

508

(1)

The Crisis in Justice Administration

508

(14)

Police Lawlessness

509

(2)

Courts and Partiality

511

(2)

Sentencing Disparity

513

(3)

Eugenics

516

(1)

Gender and Criminal Justice

517

(3)

The Death Penalty

520

(2)

The Crisis in the Discipline of Criminal Justice

522

(1)

Index

523

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

9780130420305

0130420301

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

Visions for Change : Crime and Justice in the 21st Century

9780130420305

0130420301

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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