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Unified Separation Science

by: Giddings, J. Calvin

Unified Separation Science

by: Giddings, J. Calvin

ISBN 13: 9780471520894
ISBN 10: 0471520896
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/16/1991
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

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Summary

Unifies the complex welter of techniques used for chemical separations by clearly formulating the concepts that are common to them. The mass transport phenomena underlying all separation processes are developed in a simple physical-mathematical form. The limitations and optimum performance of alternative separation techniques and the factors enhancing and limiting separation power can thus be described and explored. Generously illustrated and contains numerous exercises. Long awaited in the scientific community, it breaks new ground in understanding separation processes.

Mathematical Symbols

Abbreviations

xxi

Introduction

(15)

Basic Representations of Separations

(1)

Analytical and Preparative Separation

(4)

Literature of Analytical Separations

(1)

Separation Criteria

(1)

Concentration Levels

(1)

Thermodynamic Limitations

(2)

Origin of Separation in Displacement

(2)

Methods of Separation

(3)

References

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Equilibrium: Driving Force for Separative Displacement

(21)

Mechanical Versus Molecular Equilibrium

(1)

Molecular Equilibrium in Closed Systems

(2)

Equilibrium in Open Systems

(3)

Equilibrium in External Fields

(2)

Factors Controlling Equilibrium between Phases

(3)

Molecular Interaction and Polarity Scales

(4)

Entropy Effects in Phase Distribution: Porous Media

(6)

References

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Separative Transport

(18)

Transport: Driven by Equilibrium

(1)

Irreversible Thermodynamics

(1)

Mechanical Versus Molecular Transport

(2)

Molecular Transport

(5)

Transport with Flow

(1)

Transformation to Concentration Units

(2)

Summary of Principal Transport Equations

(1)

Physical Interpretation of Transport Equations

(1)

Transformation of Coordinates for Zones in Uniform Translation

(6)

References

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Flow Transport and Viscous Phenomena

(31)

Mechanics of Flow

(1)

Sources of Flow

(1)

Viscosity

(1)

Flow in Capillaries

(4)

Flow in Packed Beds

(3)

Compressible Flow: Basis of Gas Chromatography

(3)

Capillarity: Flow Origin in Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography

(3)

Convective Flow

(2)

Electroosmotic Flow

(1)

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

(1)

Viscosity: Pivotal Role

(1)

Separation Speed, Friction Coefficients, and Viscosity

(1)

Friction Coefficients and Molecular Parameters

(3)

Viscosity Reduction in Liquids

(6)

References

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Zone Formation and Resolution

(26)

Gaussian Zones

(4)

Statistical Moments

(2)

Random Processes, Variance, and Diffusion

(2)

Mechanisms of Zone Broadening

(2)

Plate Height: A Zone Spreading Index

(3)

Plate Height in Elution Systems

(2)

Resolution

101

(4)

Peak Capacity

105

(1)

Non-Gaussian Zones

106

(6)

References

108

(1)

Exercises

109

(3)

Steady-State, Two-Dimensional, and Overlapping Zones

112

(29)

Steady-State Zones

112

(3)

Examples of Steady-State Zones

115

(4)

Zone Formation in Two Dimensions

119

(3)

Two-Dimensional Separations

122

(4)

Resolving Power in Two-Dimensional Separations

126

(2)

Overlapping Zones

128

(3)

Statistics of Peak Overlap

131

(5)

Approaches to Solving the Peak Overlap Problem

136

(5)

References

137

(1)

Exercises

138

(3)

Classification and Comparison of Methods

141

(14)

Problems and Opportunities in Classification

141

(2)

Classification Based on Transport

143

(1)

Categories of Separations

144

(5)

Flow-Assisted Separation

149

(1)

Types of Flow

150

(2)

Flow Parallel to Field or Interface Gradient, F(=)

152

(1)

Flow Perpendicular to Field or Interface Gradient, F(+)

152

(3)

References

153

(1)

Exercises

154

(1)

Separation by External Fields (Sc Methods): Electrophoresis and Sedimentation

155

(34)

Types and Uses of Fields

155

(3)

Transport and Theoretical Plates

158

(1)

Electrophoresis: Capillary, Gel, and Other Forms

159

(6)

Separation Power in Electrophoresis

165

(2)

Electrophoresis: Additional Considerations

167

(3)

Sedimentation

170

(3)

Separation Power in Sedimentation

173

(1)

Thermal Diffusion: Overlooked Opportunity?

174

(2)

Optimization in Static Field (Sc) Systems

176

(1)

Steady-State Variants of Sc Methods: Isoelectric Focusing and Isopycnic Sedimentation

177

(3)

Separation Power of Steady-State Methods

180

(9)

References

184

(2)

Exercises

186

(3)

Separation Using Perpendicular Flow, F(+): Field-Flow Fractionation, Chromatography, and Related Methods

189

(34)

Role of Chemical Potential Profile

189

(1)

Separation Power in F(+) Systems

190

(1)

Zone Migration

191

(2)

Zone Spreading

193

(2)

Optimization

195

(2)

Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium

197

(1)

Overview of F(+)cd Separations

198

(2)

Field-Flow Fractionation

200

(6)

Factors Controlling Retention in FFF

206

(4)

Plate Height and Optimization in FFF

210

(1)

Variants of Field-Flow Fractionation

211

(3)

Overview of F(+)d Separations

214

(2)

Chromatography

216

(7)

References

219

(2)

Exercises

221

(2)

Chromatography: A Deeper Look

223

(27)

Scope of Chromatography

225

(7)

Chromatographic Migration

232

(4)

Migration and Zone Shape in Nonlinear Chromatography

236

(1)

Effect of Gas Compressibility on Retention in GC

237

(3)

Effect of Gradients on Migration in TLC and PC

240

(1)

Nonequilibrium Migration

241

(9)

References

246

(1)

Exercises

247

(3)

Chromatography From a Molecular Viewpoint

250

(19)

Molecular Basis of Migration

250

(3)

Molecular Basis of Zone Spreading

253

(2)

Longitudinal Molecular Diffusion

255

(1)

Stationary Phase Sorption-Desorption

256

(3)

Flow and Diffusion in the Mobile Phase

259

(7)

Overall Plate Height Expression

266

(3)

References

266

(1)

Exercises

267

(2)

Plate Height and Optimization in Chromatography

269

(24)

Plate Height Equations

269

(4)

Plate Height and Gas Compressibility

273

(1)

Reduced Plate Height

274

(4)

Optimization: Higher Resolution

278

(7)

Optimization: Faster Separation

285

(8)

References

289

(1)

Exercises

290

(3)

Appendix I Answers to Exercises

293

(4)

Appendix II Author's Related Publications

297

(10)

Author Index

307

(6)

Subject Index

313

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Unified Separation Science

Unified Separation Science

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