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Understanding Phonology

by: Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike

Understanding Phonology

by: Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike

ISBN 13:
9780340807354
ISBN 10:
0340807350
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 03/24/2005
Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers
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Summary

This text provides a broad yet up-to-date introduction to phonology. Assuming no previous knowledge of phonology or linguistic theory, the authors introduce the basic concepts and build on these progressively, discussing the main theories and illustrating key points with carefully chosenexamples. The book covers a wide range of phenomena, including speech production, segmental contrasts, tone, quantity, prosodic structure, metrical relations, and intonation, as well as such key theories as feature geometry and Optimality Theory. In this new edition the authors have revised andupdated the text of the original in light of recent research and as a result of users' comments.

Preface

1 The production of speech

(16)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 The lungs and the larynx

(3)

1.2.1 The vocal folds: the open and vibrating glottis

(1)

1.2.2 Devoicing and aspiration

(1)

1.2.3 Special types of phonation

(1)

1.2.4 Pitch

(1)

1.2.5 The glottal stop

(1)

1.3 The vocal tract

(2)

1.3.1 The pharynx

(1)

1.3.2 The nasal cavity

(1)

1.3.3 The mouth

(1)

1.4 Vowels

(2)

1.5 Constrictions

(3)

1.5.1 Places of articulation

(1)

1.5.2 Types of constriction

(2)

1.6 Segmental duration

(1)

1.7 Complex consonants

(1)

1.7.1 Secondary articulations

(1)

1.7.2 Double articulations

(1)

1.7.3 Manner-contour consonants

(1)

1.8 Nonpulmonic consonants

(1)

1.9 Stress

(1)

1.10 Conclusion

(2)

2 Some typology: sameness and difference

(17)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Morphosyntactic structure

(2)

2.2.1 Morphological structure

(1)

2.2.2 Syntactic structure

(1)

2.3 A world without phonological structure

(5)

2.3.1 One phonology for all languages?

(1)

2.3.2 Two kinds of structure

(2)

2.4 There's a difference

(2)

2.5 Universals and implicational relations

(6)

2.5.1 Plain or special?

(1)

2.5.2 Avoiding complexity

(1)

2.5.3 A word of caution

(1)

2.5.4 Speech ergonomics

(2)

2.5.5 System gaps

(1)

2.6 Conclusion

(2)

3 Making the form fit

(14)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Hawaiian

(1)

3.3 Adjustment processes

(5)

3.3.1 The process of nativization

(4)

3.3.2 Adjustments in the native vocabulary

(1)

3.4 Two approaches

(3)

3.4.1 Rules

(1)

3.4.2 Constraints

(3)

3.5 Choosing between rules and constraints

(4)

3.5.1 Gradient violation and unranked constraints

(2)

3.6 Conclusion

(1)

4 Underlying and surface representations

(9)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Allophonic variation

(3)

4.3 Two levels of representation

(2)

4.4 Neutralization

(1)

4.5 Choosing the underlying form

(1)

4.6 Conclusion

(2)

5 Distinctive features

(20)

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Motivating distinctive features

(2)

5.3 Feature values

(1)

5.4 A set of distinctive features

(8)

5.4.1 Major-class features

(3)

5.4.2 Laryngeal features

(1)

5.4.3 Manner features

(1)

5.4.4 Ambiguity and nonspecification

(2)

5.5 Place features

(3)

5.5.1 Labial

(1)

5.5.2 Coronal

(1)

5.5.3 Dorsal

(1)

5.5.4 Radical

(1)

5.6 Some examples

(2)

5.7 Redundant vs contrastive features

(4)

5.8 Conclusion

(1)

6 Ordered rules

(18)

6.1 Introduction

(1)

6.2 SPE representations

(1)

6.3 SPE rules

(4)

6.3.1 Reference to the syllable

(1)

6.3.2 The brace

(1)

6.3.3 Variable feature values

(1)

6.3.4 Parentheses

(1)

6.3.5 The transformational rule format

(1)

6.4 Linear order

(3)

6.5 Extrinsic and intrinsic ordering

(2)

6.6 Feeding, counterfeeding, bleeding, counterbleeding

(4)

6.6.1 Feeding order

(1)

6.6.2 Counterfeeding order

(1)

6.6.3 Bleeding order

(1)

6.6.4 Counterbleeding order

(2)

6.7 Opacity

(2)

6.8 Conclusion

(2)

7 A case study: the diminutive suffix in Dutch

(11)

7.1 Introduction

(1)

7.2 General Dutch rules

(2)

7.2.1 Final devoicing

(1)

7.2.2 Palatalization

(1)

7.2.3 Degemination

(1)

7.3 Standard Dutch

(2)

7.4 The dialect of Sittard

(5)

7.5 Conclusion

104

(2)

8 Levels of representation

106

(16)

8.1 Introduction

106

(1)

8.2 Defining an intermediate level of representation

106

(3)

8.3 Lexical Phonology

109

(3)

8.3.1 Reference to morphological labels

109

(1)

8.3.2 Exceptions

110

(1)

8.3.3 Structure preservation

110

(1)

8.3.4 Native-speaker intuitions

111

(1)

8.3.5 Application across word boundaries

111

(1)

8.3.6 Lexical rules apply before postlexical rules

112

(1)

8.4 Phonological information in the lexicon

112

(2)

8.5 Controversial properties of lexical rules

114

(1)

8.6 Beyond the surface representation

115

(5)

8.6.1 Phonetic implementation

116

(1)

8.6.2 Models of implementation

117

(2)

8.6.3 Deciding between phonology and phonetic implementation

119

(1)

8.7 Conclusion

120

(2)

9 Representing tone

122

(13)

9.1 Introduction

122

(1)

9.2 The inadequacy of a linear model

123

(1)

9.3 Word-based tone patterns

123

(4)

9.3.1 Language-specific associations

126

(1)

9.4 Stability

127

(1)

9.5 Postlexical tone

128

(1)

9.6 The Obligatory Contour Principle

129

(5)

9.6.1 Violating the OCP

130

(4)

9.7 Conclusion

134

(1)

10 Between the segment and the syllable

135

(22)

10.1 Introduction

135

(1)

10.2 A skeletal tier

135

(2)

10.3 Syllabification: the Maximum Onset Principle

137

(2)

10.3.1 The sonority profile

138

(1)

10.4 Arguments for the CV tier

139

(6)

10.4.1 The templatic use of the CV tier

139

(3)

10.4.2 Unfilled and unassociated slots

142

(1)

10.4.3 Compensatory lengthening

143

(2)

10.5 Moras

145

(4)

10.6 Syllable-based generalizations

149

(1)

10.7 Post-MOP syllabification rules

150

(5)

10.7.1 Ambisyllabicity in English

151

(4)

10.8 Conclusion

155

(2)

11 Feature geometry

157

(13)

11.1 Introduction

157

(1)

11.2 Two properties of assimilations

157

(1)

11.3 Natural feature classes

158

(1)

11.4 Building a tree

159

(5)

11.4.1 The place node

160

(1)

11.4.2 The laryngeal node

161

(1)

11.4.3 The supralaryngeal node

162

(2)

11.5 Spreading and delinking

164

(2)

11.5.1 Writing rules

165

(1)

11.6 Implications of underspecification

166

(3)

11.6.1 Default rules

167

(2)

11.7 Conclusion

169

(1)

12 Exploiting the feature tree

170

(16)

12.1 Introduction

170

(1)

12.2 Long-distance assimilation

170

(6)

12.2.1 Vowel harmony

174

(2)

12.3 Complex segments

176

(9)

12.3.1 Evidence for complex segments

179

(1)

12.3.2 The representation of palatals and palatoalveolars

180

(3)

12.3.3 Distinguishing among palatoalveolars

183

(2)

12.4 Conclusion

185

(1)

13 Stress and feet

186

(13)

13.1 Introduction

186

(1)

13.2 The phonological nature of stress

186

(2)

13.2.1 Metrical feet and feet in poetry

187

(1)

13.3 Stress as an absolute property of segments: linear phonology

188

(3)

13.4 Stress as relative prominence: nonlinear phonology

191

(6)

13.4.1 A parametric theory of relative prominence

191

(2)

13.4.2 Four types of bounded stress system

193

(4)

13.5 Conclusion

197

(2)

14 Further constraining stress

199

(18)

14.1 Introduction

199

(1)

14.2 Iambic and trochaic rhythm

199

(5)

14.3 Foot-based rules

204

(3)

14.3.1 Quantitative adjustments

204

(1)

14.3.2 Foot-based segmental rules

205

(2)

14.4 Stress and morphology

207

(2)

14.5 Stress and Optimality Theory

209

(7)

14.5.1 Constraining stress

210

(6)

14.6 Conclusion

216

(1)

15 Phonology above the word

217

(16)

15.1 Introduction

217

(1)

15.2 Generalizations involving prosodic constituents

218

(1)

15.3 The Strict Layer Hypothesis

219

(1)

15.4 Factors determining prosodic phrasing

220

(2)

15.5 The prosodic constituents

222

(6)

15.5.1 The utterance

222

(1)

15.5.2 The intonational phrase

223

(1)

15.5.3 The phonological phrase

224

(2)

15.5.4 The phonological word

226

(2)

15.6 Deriving prosodic constituents

228

(3)

15.6.1 Clitics

229

(1)

15.6.2 The syntactic residue

230

(1)

15.7 Prosodic constituency below the phonological word

231

(1)

15.8 Conclusion

232

(1)

Epilogue

233

(2)

Key to questions

235

(30)

References

265

(11)

Language index

276

(5)

Subject index

281

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Understanding Phonology

Understanding Phonology

9780340807354

0340807350

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Understanding Phonology

Understanding Phonology

9780340807354

0340807350

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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