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Thinking Through Communication : An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

by: Sarah Trenholm

Thinking Through Communication : An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

by: Sarah Trenholm

ISBN 13:
9780205289998
ISBN 10:
0205289991
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/01/1998
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
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Preface

xiii

Part I Introduction to Communication

(46)

1 The Communication Tradition

(18)

In the Time of Aristotle: A Brief History of Communication Study

(11)

Studying Rhetoric in Ancient Greece

(3)

The Classical Period: Enchanting the Mind by Arguments

(4)

Medieval and Renaissance Communication: Truth Armed Against Falsehood

(1)

The Modern Period: A Rational Science of Rhetoric

(3)

Communication Today: Contemporary Departments of Rhetoric and Communication Theory

(2)

Communication: Humanity or Social Science?

(1)

What Do Rhetoricians and Communication Scientists Do?

(1)

Summary

(4)

2 Definitions, Models, and Perspectives

(28)

Defining Communication

(5)

Definitions: Discovery or Construction?

(1)

Deciding What Communication Is

(1)

How Broad Is Communication?

(2)

Is Communication Intentional?

(1)

Is Communication Sender- or Receiver-Based?

(1)

Is All Communication Symbolic?

(1)

Multiple Definitions: Communication as a Family of Concepts

(1)

How Models Help Us Understand Communication

(2)

The Forms and Functions of Models

(1)

The Drawbacks of Models

(1)

It All Depends on Your Point of View: Three Perspectives

(13)

Communication as Message Transmission

(1)

Elements of a Psychological Model

(2)

Improving Faulty Communication

(1)

Criticizing the Psychological Perspective

(1)

Asking Questions From the Psychological Perspective

(1)

Communication as World Building

(1)

Elements of a Social Constructionist Model

(3)

Improving Our Social Constructions

(1)

Criticizing the Social Constructionist Perspective

(1)

Asking Questions From the Social Constructionist Perspective

(1)

Communication as Patterned Interaction

(1)

Elements of a Pragmatic Model

(2)

Improving Unhealthy Patterns

(1)

Criticizing the Pragmatic Perspective

(1)

Asking Questions From the Pragmatic Perspective

(1)

Summary and Additional Perspectives

(1)

What to Look for When You Look at Communication

(2)

Summary

(5)

Part II Listening and Language

(345)

3 Decoding Messages: Perception, Information Processing and Listening

(28)

What Is Perception?

(7)

Imposing Order and Meaning on the World

(1)

Using Cognitive Schemata

(1)

Person Prototypes

(2)

Personal Constructs

(1)

Scripts

(1)

Overcoming Mindlessness

(2)

Information Processing: Communicating for Clarity

(6)

Steps in Information Processing

(1)

Capturing Attention

(2)

Controlling Interpretation

(1)

Increasing Comprehension

(1)

Ensuring Acceptance

(1)

Enhancing Retention and Retrieval

(1)

Listening: How Receivers Can Improve Decoding

(9)

What Is Listening?

(1)

Listening and Hearing

(1)

Ability and Performance

(1)

Ways to Listen

(1)

Improving General Listening Performance

(1)

Improving Attention

(2)

Improving Interpretation

(2)

Improving Retention and Retrieval

(1)

Active Listening

(1)

Styles of Listening

(1)

Helpful Listening

(1)

Summary

(5)

4 Encoding Messages: Spoken Language

(38)

What Is Language?

(5)

Language Is Symbolic

(2)

Language Is a Kind of Knowledge

(1)

Language Is Rule-Governed and Productive

(1)

Language Affects the Way We See the World

(2)

Language Takes Many Forms

(1)

The Subsystems of Language

(8)

The Sounds of Language

(3)

The Words of Language

(2)

The Sentences of Language

(1)

The Social Context of Language

(1)

Speech Acts

(1)

Communication and Context

(1)

Pragmatic Styles and Structures

(6)

Forms of Discourse: Classifying Kinds of Talk

(1)

Understanding Conversation

(1)

Describing Classroom Interaction

(1)

Dimensions of Discourse

(1)

Interactive Discourse: Coherence and Structure

(1)

Coordinating Conversational Moves

(2)

Conversational Closings

(1)

Guidelines for Understanding Discourse

(1)

Language and Social Identity

(7)

Genderlects: When Men's and Women's Talk Differs

(1)

The Development of Gender Differences

(2)

Adapting to Gender Differences

(1)

Language and Cultural Difference

(2)

Context Dependence

100

(1)

Verbal Directness

100

(1)

Expressiveness

101

(1)

Formality

101

(1)

Language Choices and Pragmatic Effects

102

(5)

Ambiguity: When Not Making Sense Makes Sense

102

(2)

Immediacy: Up Close and Personal

104

(1)

Abstraction: Creating General Categories

105

(1)

Metaphors We Live By

105

(1)

Improving Language Choices

106

(1)

Summary

107

(6)

5 Encoding Messages: Nonverbal Communication

113

(38)

What Is Nonverbal Communication?

114

(8)

How Can We Know What Nonverbals Mean?

115

(1)

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

116

(1)

Nonverbal Communication May Be Unintentional

116

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Consists of Multiple Codes

116

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Is Immediate, Continuous, and Natural

117

(1)

Nonverbal Communication Is Both Universal and Cultural

118

(1)

What Meanings Are Best Conveyed Nonverbally?

118

(1)

Making Initial Judgments

118

(1)

Relational Information

119

(1)

Emotional Expression

119

(1)

Nonverbal Codes and Verbal Messages

120

(2)

The Nonverbal Codes

122

(21)

The Kinesic Code I: Body Movement and Gesture

122

(1)

Emblems

122

(2)

Illustrators

124

(1)

Regulators

124

(1)

Affect Display

124

(1)

Adaptors

125

(1)

The Kinesic Code II: Facial Expression and Eye Behavior

126

(1)

Facial Displays

126

(1)

Eye Behavior

127

(2)

Paralinguistics: Vocal Behavior

129

(1)

Chronemics and Proxemics: Time, Territory, and Space

130

(1)

Time Orientations

131

(2)

Territory and the Use of Space

133

(2)

Spatial Arrangement

135

(2)

Personal Space

137

(1)

Touch

138

(1)

Physical Appearance and Object Language

139

(1)

Body Type

139

(1)

Dress

140

(1)

Object Language

141

(2)

Increasing Nonverbal Skills

143

(2)

Summary

145

(6)

6 Interpersonal Communication

151

(38)

What Is Interpersonal Communication?

152

(4)

Characteristics of Dyadic Communication

152

(1)

Are All Dyads Interpersonal?

153

(1)

Why Do We Build Dyads?

154

(2)

Managing Interpersonal Communication

156

(7)

Balancing Interpersonal Tensions

156

(3)

Avoiding Dysfunctional Patterns

159

(1)

Rigid Role Relations

159

(1)

Disconfirmations

160

(2)

Paradoxes

162

(1)

Spirals

162

(1)

Relational Development: Stages in Intimate Dyads

163

(9)

Paths To and From Intimacy

163

(1)

The Journey Toward Intimacy

163

(4)

The Retreat From Intimacy

167

(2)

Variations in Relational Development

169

(1)

Duck's Relational Dissolution Model

169

(1)

Interpersonal Attraction: Filtering Theory

170

(2)

Increasing Relational Skills

172

(10)

Toward More Effective Self-Disclosure

174

(1)

Responding to Others' Disclosures

175

(3)

Managing Interpersonal Conflict

178

(3)

Rules for Effective Feedback

181

(1)

Becoming a More Responsible Communicator

182

(1)

Summary

183

(6)

7 Group Communication

189

(38)

What Is a Group?

190

(6)

Characteristics of Groups

190

(1)

Group Size: How Big Is a Small Group?

191

(2)

Why Communicate in Groups?

193

(1)

When Are Groups More Effective Than Individuals?

194

(2)

Managing Group Communication

196

(9)

Balancing Group and Individual Needs

196

(1)

Group Socialization Processes

197

(2)

Adapting to Group Pressures

199

(1)

Taking on Task and Maintenance Roles

200

(3)

Combating Groupthink

203

(2)

Group Development: Phases in Problem-Solving Groups

205

(7)

Phase Models: Mapping the Life of a Group

205

(1)

Tuckman's Five-Stage Model

206

(1)

Fisher's Four-Phase Model

207

(2)

Poole's Alternative: A Multiple-Sequence Model

209

(1)

Leadership: How Groups Chose Leaders

209

(1)

What It Takes to Be a Good Leader

211

(1)

How Not to Be Chosen Leader

211

(1)

Strengthening Group Discussion Skills

212

(1)

Creating a Positive Climate

212

(19)

Enhancing Problem Solving

213

(1)

The Standard Agenda

214

(2)

Brainstorming: Increasing Creativity

216

(1)

Nominal Group Technique

217

(1)

Using Special Formats for Public Discussion

218

(1)

The Symposium

218

(1)

The Forum

219

(1)

The Panel Discussion

219

(1)

The Buzz Group

220

(1)

The Role-Playing Group

220

(1)

Becoming a More Responsible Communicator

221

(1)

Summary

222

(5)

8 Public Communication

227

(40)

What Is Public Communication?

228

(4)

Characteristics of Public Communication

228

(2)

Communicating in the Public Sphere

230

(1)

Why Engage in Public Communication?

231

(1)

Audience Adaptation and Source Credibility

232

(11)

Audience Attitudes and Change

232

(1)

Beliefs

232

(1)

Attitudes

233

(1)

Values

234

(1)

The Importance of Knowing Your Audience

234

(1)

Adapting Messages to Audiences

235

(1)

Audience Adaptation

236

(1)

Audience Analysis

237

(1)

Source Characteristics and Audience Response

238

(2)

Credibility

240

(1)

Attractiveness

241

(1)

Power

242

(1)

Relationships Between Source Characteristics

242

(1)

Constructing Valid Arguments

243

(8)

The Structure of Argument: The Toulmin Model

243

(1)

Parts of an Argument

243

(2)

Using the Toulmin Model

245

(1)

Types of Arguments

246

(1)

Authoritative and Motivational Arguments

246

(2)

Substantive Arguments

248

(2)

Guarding Against Unsound Warrants

250

(1)

Preparing and Presenting the Public Speech

251

(9)

Introductions and Conclusions

251

(1)

Functions of the Introduction

251

(2)

Functions of the Conclusion

253

(2)

Organizing the Body of the Speech

255

(3)

Outlining Main Points and Subpoints

258

(2)

Increasing Public Speaking Skills

260

(1)

Becoming a More Responsible Communicator

260

(2)

Summary

262

(5)

9 Communication and the Traditional Mass Media

267

(34)

What Is Mass Communication?

268

(4)

Defining Mass Communication

268

(1)

Characteristics of Media Messages

269

(1)

Institutional Sources

270

(1)

Invisible Receivers

270

(1)

Interposed Channels

271

(1)

How Audiences and Media Messages Interact

272

(9)

Functions of the Media

272

(2)

Media Effects: An Overview

274

(1)

What Media Messages Do to Receivers

275

(1)

Media Agendas

275

(1)

Hegemonic Messages

276

(1)

Media Logics

277

(1)

What Receivers Do With Media Messages

278

(1)

Selective Processing

278

(1)

Need Gratification

279

(1)

Reading Media Texts

280

(1)

Media Formats and Logics

281

(11)

Newspapers

282

(1)

Magazines

283

(2)

Radio

285

(2)

Television

287

(1)

Entertainment Programming

288

(1)

News Programming

289

(1)

The Pervasiveness of TV Logic

290

(1)

Other Media

291

(1)

Becoming a More Responsible Communicator

292

(3)

Ethical Issues for Media Practitioners

292

(2)

Using Media More Responsibly

294

(1)

Summary

295

(6)

10 Emerging Communication Technologies

301

(30)

What is Technology?

303

(8)

Defining Technology

304

(1)

Characteristics of the New Technologies

305

(1)

Digitization Technologies

305

(4)

Transmission Technologies

309

(1)

Why Communicate Electronically?

310

(1)

The Geography of Cyberspace: The Net, the Web, and the Highway

311

(3)

The Internet and the World Wide Web

311

(1)

The Information Superhighway

312

(1)

Virtual Reality

313

(1)

How Technology is Changing Communication

314

(8)

Interpersonal Communication and Electronically-Mediated Relationships

315

(1)

The Case of Joan and Alex

315

(1)

Characteristics of Electronic Relationships

316

(1)

Group and Organizational Communication: The Electronic Workplace

317

(1)

Telecommuting: Promise and Problems

318

(2)

Electronic Commerce: Doing Business on the Net

320

(1)

Public Communication: Virtual Communities

321

(1)

Election Democracy

321

(1)

Information and Disinformation on the Net

322

(1)

Becoming a More Responsible Communicator

322

(3)

Summary

325

(6)

11 Intercultural Communication

331

(30)

What Is Culture?

333

(7)

Defining Culture

333

(1)

Characteristics of Cultures

333

(1)

Cultures Are Learned

333

(1)

Cultures Are Shared

334

(2)

Cultures Are Multifaceted

336

(1)

Cultures Are Dynamic

337

(1)

Cultural Identities Are Overlapping

337

(1)

Why Communicate Cross-Culturally?

338

(1)

Living in the Global Village

338

(2)

Coming to Terms With Diversity

340

(1)

Intercultural Communication and Personal Growth

340

(1)

Barriers to Intercultural Communication

340

(12)

How Culture Affects Communication

341

(1)

Culture and Perception

341

(1)

Culture and Role Identities

342

(1)

Culture and Goals

343

(1)

Culture and Images of the Self

344

(1)

Culture and Language Style

345

(2)

Attitudes That Diminish Understanding

347

(1)

Stereotypes and Prejudices

348

(1)

Assumed Similarity

348

(2)

Anxiety and Withdrawal

350

(1)

Ethnocentrism

351

(1)

Adapting to New Cultures

352

(3)

Nature of the Host Culture

352

(2)

Personal Predispositions

354

(1)

Communication Bonds

354

(1)

Becoming a More Open Communicator

355

(1)

Summary

356

(5)

12 Methods of Discovery

361

(31)

How Is Communication Research Done?

362

(5)

Problems with Commonsense Ways of Knowing

363

(1)

Systematic Ways of Knowing

363

(2)

Common Research Tasks

365

(2)

Four Popular Research Methods

367

(18)

Rhetorical Criticism

370

(1)

Steps in Rhetorical Criticism

370

(1)

The Myth of the American Cowboy: An Example of Social Values Criticism

371

(2)

Ethnographic Research

373

(1)

Steps in Ethnographic Research

374

(1)

Talking Like a Man in Teamsterville: An Ethnography of Communication

375

(2)

Survey Research

377

(1)

Steps in Conducting a Survey

377

(3)

Making the Love Connection: An Example of Survey Research

380

(1)

Experimental Research

381

(1)

Steps in Doing an Experiment

382

(1)

Thanks for Not Smoking: An Example of a Field Experiment

383

(2)

Learning More About Communication

385

(3)

Subject Areas in Speech Communication

385

(1)

Other Sources of Discovery

386

(2)

Summary

388

(4)

Author Index

392

(3)

Subject Index

395

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Thinking Through Communication : An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

Thinking Through Communication : An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

9780205289998

0205289991

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Thinking Through Communication : An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

Thinking Through Communication : An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication

9780205289998

0205289991

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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