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Statistics for Social Workers

by: Weinbach, Robert W.; Grinnell, Richard M.

Statistics for Social Workers

by: Weinbach, Robert W.; Grinnell, Richard M.

ISBN 13:
9780205484225
ISBN 10:
0205484220
Edition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2007
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

This widely acclaimed statistics text, emphasizing a conceptual understanding of the topic and its contribution to evidence-based practice, requires no prior knowledge of statistics. It helps students by discussing the types of statistical analyses that are most likely to be encountered by social work practitioners and researchers. Book jacket.

Preface

xiii

Introduction

(21)

Uses of Statistics

(1)

Methodological Terms

(7)

Data

(1)

Information

(1)

Variables and Constants

(1)

Conceptualization

(1)

Operationalization

(1)

Reliability

(1)

Validity

(1)

Research Hypotheses

(2)

Measurement Levels

(4)

Nominal

(1)

Ordinal

(1)

Interval

(1)

Ratio

(1)

Measurement Levels and Data Analysis

(2)

Additional Measurement Classifications

(1)

Discrete and Continuous Variables

(1)

Dichotomous, Binary, and Dummy Variables

(1)

Categories of Statistical Analyses

(1)

Number of Variables in an Analysis

(1)

Primary Purpose of the Analysis

(1)

Analysis of Qualitative Data

(1)

Concluding Thoughts

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

Frequency Distributions and Graphs

(18)

Frequency Distributions

(4)

Absolute Frequency Distributions

(1)

Cumulative Frequency Distributions

(1)

Percentage Frequency Distributions

(1)

Cumulative Percentage Frequency Distributions

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions

(1)

Using Frequency Distributions to Analyze Data

(2)

Misrepresentation of Data

(1)

Graphs

(6)

Bar Graphs and Line Diagrams

(1)

Pie Charts

(2)

Histograms

(1)

Frequency Polygons

(1)

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

(1)

A Common Mistake in Displaying Data

(1)

Concluding Thoughts

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability

(20)

Measures of Central Tendency

(8)

The Mode

(1)

The Median

(2)

The Mean

(3)

Which Measure of Central Tendency to Use?

(2)

Measures of Variability

(9)

The Range

(1)

The Interquartile Range

(1)

The Mean Deviation

(1)

Variance

(1)

Standard Deviation

(4)

Reporting Measures of Variability

(52)

Other Uses for Central Tendency and Variability

(1)

Concluding Thoughts

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

The Normal Distribution

(19)

Skewness

(2)

Kurtosis

(1)

Normal Distributions

(5)

Converting Raw Scores to Z Scores and Percentiles

(7)

Practical Uses of z Scores

(3)

Deriving Raw Scores from Percentiles

(2)

Concluding Thoughts

(1)

Study Questions

(2)

The Basics of Hypothesis Testing

(23)

Alternative Explanations

(4)

Rival Hypotheses

(1)

Research Design Flaws

(2)

Sampling Error

(1)

Probability and Inference

(1)

Refuting Sampling Error

(2)

Replication

(1)

Statistical Analyses

(1)

More About Research Hypotheses

(2)

The One-Tailed Research Hypothesis

(1)

The Two-Tailed Research Hypothesis

(1)

The ``No Relationship'' Research Hypothesis

(1)

Testing the Null Hypothesis

(2)

Statistical Significance

(3)

p Values

(1)

Rejection Levels (``Alpha'')

(1)

Errors in Drawing Conclusions About Relationships

(2)

Avoiding Type I Errors

(1)

Statistically Significant Relationships and Meaningful Findings

(3)

Assessing Strength of Relationships (Effect Size)

(1)

Is the Relationship Surprising?

(1)

Complex Interpretations of Statistically Significant Relationships

(1)

Concluding Thoughts

(1)

Study Questions

100

(2)

Sampling Distributions and the Null Hypothesis Testing

102

(17)

Sample Size and Sampling Error

103

(1)

Sampling Distributions and Inference

104

(3)

Comparing an Experimental Sample with Its Population

105

(1)

Comparing a Non-Experimental Sample with Its Population

106

(1)

Sampling Distribution of Means

107

(8)

Samples Drawn from Normal Distributions

109

(5)

Samples Drawn from Skewed Distributions

114

(1)

Estimating Parameters

115

(3)

Constructing a 95 Percent Confidence Interval

116

(1)

Constructing a 99 Percent Confidence Interval

116

(2)

Concluding Thoughts

118

(1)

Study Questions

118

(1)

Selecting a Statistical Test

119

(18)

The Importance of Selecting the Correct Test

119

(2)

Where Can We Go Wrong?

120

(1)

Factors to Consider

121

(7)

Sampling Method(s) Used

122

(1)

Distribution of the Variables within the Population

123

(1)

Level of Measurement of the Variables

123

(1)

Desirable Amount of Statistical Power

124

(4)

Robustness of Tests Being Considered

128

(1)

Parametric and Nonparametric Tests

128

(2)

Multivariate Tests

130

(1)

Deciding Which Test to Use

131

(1)

More About Getting Help

132

(1)

The Process of Hypothesis Testing

133

(2)

Concluding Thoughts

135

(1)

Study Questions

135

(2)

Correlation

137

(28)

Uses of Correlation

137

(1)

Scattergrams

138

(3)

Perfect Correlations

141

(2)

Nonperfect Correlations

143

(1)

Interpreting Linear Correlations

143

(7)

Understanding Correlation Coefficients

144

(1)

Very Strong Correlations

145

(2)

Correlation is Not Causation

147

(1)

Using Correlation for Inference

148

(2)

Pearson's r

150

(5)

Computation and Presentation

150

(5)

Nonparametric Alternatives

155

(2)

Spearman's Rho and Kendall's Tau

155

(2)

Correlation with Three or More Variables

157

(3)

Partial r

157

(1)

Multiple R

158

(1)

Variations of Multiple R

159

(1)

Other Multivariate Tests That Use Correlation

160

(3)

Factor Analysis

161

(1)

Cluster Analysis

162

(1)

Concluding Thoughts

163

(1)

Study Questions

164

(1)

Regression Analyses

165

(25)

What is Prediction?

165

(3)

What is Simple Linear Regression?

168

(2)

Formulating a Research Question

169

(1)

Limitations of Simple Linear Regression

170

(1)

Computation of the Regression Equation

170

(2)

More About the Regression Line

172

(6)

The Least-squares Criterion

174

(3)

Interchanging X and Y Variables

177

(1)

Interpreting Results

178

(3)

Presentation of Y'

178

(1)

The Standard Error

178

(1)

Using Regression in Social Work Practice

179

(2)

Regression with Three or More Variables

181

(4)

Other Types of Regression Analyses

185

(3)

Discriminant Analysis

185

(1)

Logistic Regression

186

(2)

Concluding Thoughts

188

(1)

Study Questions

189

(1)

Cross Tabulation

190

(27)

The Chi-Square Test of Association

190

(18)

Observed Frequencies

192

(2)

Expected Frequencies

194

(2)

Degrees of Freedom

196

(1)

Using Chi-Square

196

(3)

Presentation of Findings

199

(1)

Interpreting the Results of a Chi-Square Analysis

200

(1)

Meaningfulness and Sample Size

201

(3)

Restrictions on the Use of Chi-Square

204

(1)

An Alternative: Fisher's Exact Test

204

(1)

Using Chi-Square in Social Work Practice

205

(3)

Cross Tabulation with Three or More Variables

208

(3)

Problems with Sizes of Expected Frequencies

210

(1)

Effects of Introducing Additional Variables

210

(1)

Special Applications of the Chi-Square Formula

211

(4)

McNemar's Test

211

(2)

The Median Test

213

(2)

Concluding Thoughts

215

(1)

Study Questions

216

(1)

t Tests and Analysis of Variance

217

(32)

The Use of tTests

218

(1)

Misuse of t

218

(1)

The One-Sample tTest

219

(7)

Determining If a Sample is Representative

221

(1)

Hypothesis Testing

222

(1)

Presentation of Findings

223

(1)

A Nonparametric Alternative: Chi-Square Goodness of Fit

223

(3)

The Dependent tTest

226

(4)

Use with Two Connected (or Matched) Samples Measured Once

226

(1)

Use with One Sample Measured Twice

227

(1)

A Nonparametric Alternative: Wilcoxon Sign

228

(2)

The Independent tTest

230

(13)

Nonparametric Alternatives: U and K-s

239

(3)

A Multivariate Alternative: T2

242

(1)

Simple Analysis of Variance (Simple Anova)

243

(3)

Additional Data Analyses

245

(1)

A Nonparametric Alternative: Kruskal-Wallis

246

(1)

Multivariate Analysis of Variance

246

(1)

Concluding Thoughts

247

(1)

Study Questions

247

(2)

Other Contributions of Statistics to Evidence-Based Practice

249

(19)

Meta-Analysis

250

(3)

Answers Sought in Program Evaluations

253

(1)

Needs Assessments and Formative Evaluations

253

(1)

Outcome Evaluations

254

(5)

Hypothesis Testing in Outcome Evaluations

254

(3)

Statistical Analyses of Outcome Evaluation Data

257

(2)

Answers Sought in Single-System Research

259

(7)

Hypothesis Testing in Single-System Research

259

(1)

Statistical Analyses of Single-System Data

260

(1)

Using Familiar Statistical Tests

261

(1)

Two Other Popular Tests

262

(4)

Concluding Thoughts

266

(1)

Study Questions

267

(1)

Appendix A Beginning to Select a Statistical Test

268

(2)

Glossary

270

(19)

Index

289

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistics for Social Workers

Statistics for Social Workers

9780205484225

0205484220

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Statistics for Social Workers

Statistics for Social Workers

9780205484225

0205484220

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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