9780192630698

This groundbreaking book, which brings together information in a singular way, provides an authoritative overview of the social and economic factors which are seen as the most powerful determinants of population health in modern societies. Written to link closely with the WHO Centre for Urban Health initiative on social determinants of health, it will provide the scientific justification for isolating different aspects of social and economic life as the primary determinants of health. Providing the background to ten 'key messages' which form the basis of the WHO campaign, the book will have a broad audience amongst public health professionals, health promotion specialists and health policy makers.

Michael Marmot is Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, and Director of the International Centre for Health and Society, at the University College London. His research interests centre on the epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease with a particular focus on alcohol, nutrition, and social and cultural determinants of disease. Richard Wilkinson is visiting professor in the International centre for Health and Society at UCL and senior research fellow at the Trafford Centre for medical Research at the University of Sussex. He has been involved in research on the social and economic determinants of health for 20 years.

Contributors

ix

Foreword

xi

Acknowledgements

xiii

Introduction

1

(16)

Michael Marmot

Introduction

1

(1)

Social and economic environment and health

2

(6)

Accounting for the global burden of disease

8

(2)

Social inequalities

10

(2)

Social determinants: selection or causation?

12

(1)

How does the social environment affect health?

13

(4)

References

14

(3)

Social organization, stress, and health

17

(27)

Eric Brunner

Michael Marmot

Introduction

17

(1)

The personal and the social

18

(1)

Biological pathways in a social context

19

(12)

Human studies

31

(6)

Animal studies

37

(3)

Conclusions

40

(1)

Summary

41

(3)

References

41

(3)

Early life

44

(20)

Michael Wadsworth

Introduction

44

(1)

Biological processes affecting child health

44

(2)

Biological processes and social factors

46

(7)

Policy implications

53

(3)

Conclusions

56

(8)

References

58

(6)

The life course, the social gradient, and health

64

(17)

David Blane

Introduction

64

(1)

Social structure and the life course

65

(1)

Health and the life course

65

(6)

Life-course influences on health and mortality at older ages

71

(5)

Policy implications

76

(5)

References

78

(3)

Living in a high-unemployment economy: understanding the health consequences

81

(24)

Mel Bartley

Jane Ferrie

Scott M. Montgomery

Introduction

81

(1)

Selection

82

(8)

Job insecurity and job quality

90

(1)

Unemployment in the life course

91

(3)

Effect of unemployment on population health

94

(2)

Policy implications

96

(9)

References

97

(8)

Health and the psychosocial environment at work

105

(27)

Michael Marmot

Johannes Siegrist

Tores Theorell

Amanda Feeney

Introduction

105

(1)

Changes in the distribution of coronary heart disease

106

(1)

Explanations of the social distribution of coronary heart disease

106

(5)

Evidence from studies

111

(9)

Effort-reward imbalance model

120

(5)

East/West comparisons

125

(1)

Conclusion

126

(6)

References

127

(5)

Transport and health

132

(23)

Mark McCarthy

Background

132

(1)

Sustainable development--a global perspective

133

(1)

Patterns of travel

134

(2)

Trends

136

(1)

Health impacts of transport

137

(6)

Interventions

143

(5)

The politics of change

148

(3)

Conclusions

151

(1)

Acknowledgements

151

(4)

References

152

(3)

Social support and social cohesion

155

(24)

Stephen A. Stansfeld

Introduction

155

(1)

Measurement of support

155

(2)

Social support and personality

157

(2)

Mechanisms for the action of social support on health

159

(1)

Hormonal pathways for the effects of support

160

(1)

Social support and mortality

161

(2)

Social support and physical morbidity

163

(1)

Social support and prognosis

164

(1)

Social support and mental health

165

(2)

Social support and sickness absence

167

(2)

Gender differences

169

(1)

Society, social integration, and health

169

(1)

Social class and social support

170

(1)

Social support and the physical environment

171

(1)

Intervening to improve social cohesion and health

172

(1)

Conclusions

173

(6)

References

174

(5)

Food is a political issue

179

(32)

Aileen Robertson

Eric Brunner

Aubrey Sheiham

Introduction

179

(2)

Epidemiology of diet-related disease

181

(9)

Strategies for prevention

190

(2)

Food industrialization and food poverty

192

(9)

Local production for local consumption

201

(1)

Policy implications

202

(6)

Acknowledgements

208

(3)

References

208

(3)

Poverty, social exclusion, and minorities

211

(29)

Mary Shaw

Danny Dorling

George Davey Smith

Introduction

211

(1)

Poverty and health

211

(8)

Central and eastern Europe

219

(3)

Social exclusion

222

(10)

Conclusion and implications for policy

232

(8)

References

233

(7)

Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of cigarette smoking

240

(16)

Martin J. Jarvis

Jane Wardle

Introduction

240

(1)

Rates of cigarette smoking by material and cultural disadvantage

241

(1)

Trends in cigarette smoking prevalence and rates of cessation by deprivation

242

(2)

Contribution of smoking to differences in death rates by social group

244

(2)

Why do poor people smoke?

246

(5)

Implications for policies to promote cessation

251

(5)

References

253

(3)

Putting the picture together: prosperity, redistribution, health, and welfare

256

(19)

Richard G. Wilkinson

Introduction

256

(1)

Relative income

257

(3)

Inequality and psychosocial welfare

260

(5)

A culture of inequality

265

(2)

Conclusions

267

(8)

References

271

(4)

Epilogue: WHO's social determinants campaign and the Healthy Cities project

275

(6)

Agis D. Tsouros

Jill L. Farrington

Index

281

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Social Determinants of Health

Social Determinants of Health

0192630695

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials