1. Framing Retention for Institutional Improvement: A 4 Ps Framework 5
David H. Kalsbeek

This chapter introduces a 4 Ps framework for student retention strategies—profile, progress, process, and promise. This framework provides a comprehensive approach to focusing retention research and strategies in ways that can improve institutional retention and completion rates.

2. Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Profile 15
David H. Kalsbeek, Brian Zucker

The first “P” within a 4 Ps framework of student retention—profile—recognizes that an institution’s retention and graduation rates are highly predictable, largely a function of the institutional and student profile, and are more a function of what the institution is rather than what it does.

3. Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Progress 27
Brian Spittle

The second “P” within a 4 Ps framework of student retention—progress—focuses on ensuring that students are making satisfactory academic progress, rather than just persisting, toward degree completion.

4. Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Process 39
Charles C. Schroeder

The third “P” within a 4 Ps framework of student retention—process—gives priority attention to institutional processes and policies that either help or hinder the continuous enrollment of all students, not just students defined as “at risk.”

5. Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Promise 49
David H. Kalsbeek

The fourth “P” within a 4 Ps framework of student retention—promise—connects retention strategies with institutional brand strategies so that marketing and retention become mutually reinforcing.

6. Profile in Action: Linking Admission and Retention 59
Carla M. Cortes

This chapter provides illustrations of a profile-oriented approach to retention through a discussion of test-optional policies and use of non-cognitive variables in the admission process.

7. Process and Progress in Action: Examples of What Works 71
Charles C. Schroeder

This chapter offers several principles and institutional examples of the ways that student-centered process- and progress-related improvements enhance students’ experiences and outcomes.

8. Promise in Action: Examples of Institutional Success 81
George D. Kuh

This chapter highlights institutional examples of intentional approaches to ensuring that every student’s experience re flects the promise of the institutional brand or mission as well as the distinct and differentiating nature of the institution’s educational philosophy and purpose.

9. Engaging Faculty in Retention: Finding Traction through Accreditation 91
Caryn Chaden

This chapter considers how addressing the essential role of faculty in an institution’s retention efforts can be enhanced by leveraging new accreditation requirements regarding retention and graduation outcomes.

10. The 4 Ps as a Guiding Perspective 101
David H. Kalsbeek

This chapter summarizes some of the themes that characterize a 4 Ps orientation to institutional retention strategy and offers an example of how one institution has used this approach to structure its retention efforts.

INDEX 115

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