9780130341204

This book is designed toquicklyenlighten readers about nature of East Europe. Comprehensive and multiperspective--yet easy and enjoyable to read--it provides an accessible overview ofeverythingthat's politically relevant for the regiongeography, political history, Soviet occupation, Cold War, and system collapse.Caught between Empires. Flunking Democracy: The Interwar Years. East Europe and World War II. The Communist Takeovers. The Hated Regimes. "We Pretend to Work" : The Decay of Communism. 1989: The Gorbachev Factor. The Struggle for Democracy. The Horrors of Yugoslavia. Lessons, Hopes, Fears.For those interested in Eastern European Politics, Cold War History, Comparative Politics, International Relations.

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Preface

xiii

Introduction: East Europe as a Unit of Study

1

(1)

Is There Still a Second World?

2

(2)

What Did We Know and When Did We Know It?

4

(1)

The Study of East Europe's Politics

5

(2)

Caught Between Empires

7

(19)

East Europe's Ethnic Groups

8

(2)

Weak States

10

(2)

East or Central Europe?

11

(1)

Four Empires

12

(8)

The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire

13

(1)

Balkanization

14

(1)

The Last Ottoman Problem: Palestine

15

(1)

The Habsburg (Later Austro-Hungarian) Empire

15

(2)

``Divide and Rule''

17

(1)

The Tsarist Russian Empire

17

(1)

Are Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia Part of East Europe?

18

(1)

The Partitioning of Poland

19

(1)

The Prussian (German) Empire

19

(1)

The Eastern Question

20

(2)

Is East Germany Part of East Europe?

20

(1)

Key Treaties of Ottoman Decline

21

(1)

The Good Soldier Schweik

22

(1)

World War I in East Europe

22

(3)

Woodrow Wilson on East Europe

24

(1)

Suggested Readings

25

(1)

Flunking Democracy: The Interwar Years

26

(22)

Bordering on Madness

26

(9)

Poland

28

(1)

The Curzon Line

29

(1)

Czechoslovakia

29

(1)

Hungary

30

(1)

Yugoslavia

31

(1)

Romania

32

(1)

Bulgaria

32

(1)

Transylvania: Hungarian or Romanian?

33

(1)

Albania

34

(1)

Political Instability

35

(7)

Poland

36

(1)

Czechoslovakia

37

(1)

Conservatism and Fascism

38

(1)

Hungary

38

(1)

Yugoslavia

39

(1)

Romania

40

(1)

Bulgaria

41

(1)

Albania

41

(1)

International Alignments

42

(4)

Suggested Readings

46

(2)

East Europe and World War II

48

(16)

Ulbricht: A Stalin Puppet

48

(1)

The Structure of Communism

49

(3)

Stalin and Hitler's Rise

51

(1)

World War II in East Europe

52

(4)

Tito: Not a Stalin Puppet

54

(2)

Stalin's Approach to East Europe

56

(2)

The Katyn Massacre

57

(1)

``People's Democracy''

58

(1)

Yalta

58

(5)

The Balkan ``Percentages'' Deal

59

(1)

Yalta, 1945

60

(3)

Suggested Readings

63

(1)

The Communist Takeovers

64

(16)

Salami Tactics

65

(5)

Stalinism

68

(2)

The Postwar Takeovers

70

(6)

Poland

70

(1)

East Germany

70

(1)

Czechoslovakia

71

(1)

Hungary

72

(1)

Masaryk: Murder or Suicide?

72

(1)

Yugoslavia

73

(1)

Romania

74

(1)

Bulgaria

75

(1)

Albania

75

(1)

The Start of the Cold War

76

(3)

The Cold War

77

(2)

Suggested Readings

79

(1)

The Hated Regimes

80

(19)

The Stalinist Model

80

(8)

The Party in Power

80

(1)

Security Services

81

(1)

Communism and Socialism: What's the Difference?

82

(2)

The Warsaw Pact

84

(1)

Information Monopoly

85

(2)

How Much Did Ideology Count?

87

(1)

Russian Language and Culture

88

(1)

The Tito-Stalin Split

88

(4)

Yugoslavia's Maverick Communism

91

(1)

The Rumblings of Freedom

92

(6)

Pilsen, Czechoslovakia, 1953

92

(1)

East Berlin, 1953

92

(1)

The Uses of Anti-Semitism

93

(1)

Poznan, Poland, 1956

93

(2)

Khrushchev's Anti-Stalin Speech

95

(1)

Budapest, 1956

96

(1)

Did the United States Betray the Hungarian Revolution?

97

(1)

Suggested Readings

98

(1)

``We Pretend to Work'': The Decay of Communism

99

(21)

Economic Problems of Socialism

100

(3)

Comecon

102

(1)

Collectivization of Agriculture

103

(1)

The Long-Term Impact of Socialism

103

(7)

The Trouble with Statistical Comparisons

105

(1)

Falling Behind

106

(1)

The Diseducation of East Europe

107

(2)

The Jealousy Factor

109

(1)

Locked in a Bloc

110

(2)

The Berlin Wall

111

(1)

The Corruption Factor

112

(1)

The Beginnings of System Breakdown

112

(7)

Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1968

112

(2)

The Brezhnev Doctrine

114

(1)

Gdansk, Poland, 1970

115

(1)

The Rise of Solidarity

115

(2)

The Church Factor

117

(2)

Suggested Readings

119

(1)

1989: The Gorbachev Factor

120

(22)

``Liberal Communist'' Interlude

120

(3)

The Poisoning of East Europe

121

(2)

Gorbachev's New Thinking

123

(7)

The Debt Factor

124

(1)

The 1989 Pattern

125

(1)

The Reagan Factor

126

(2)

Imperial Overstretch

128

(2)

The Dominoes Fall

130

(10)

Poland

130

(1)

The Popieluszko Factor

131

(1)

The Contagion Factor

132

(1)

Hungary

132

(1)

``Fried Snowballs'': Is Reform Communism Possible?

133

(1)

East Germany

134

(2)

Czechoslovakia

136

(1)

Bulgaria

137

(1)

Romania

138

(1)

Even Albania

139

(1)

Suggested Readings

140

(2)

The Struggle for Democracy

142

(21)

Slovenia and Croatia

143

(1)

Splinter and Alternation

144

(2)

East Europe's Election Rules

145

(1)

A Model East European Party System

146

(2)

Poland

147

(1)

The Return of the Left

148

(1)

Romania

149

(1)

Emerging Party Systems

149

(3)

The Czech Republic

150

(1)

Slovakia

151

(1)

Founding Elections

152

(2)

Hungary

153

(1)

Nationalist Outbidding

154

(1)

Cabinet Instability

155

(2)

Bulgaria

156

(1)

The Key Issue

157

(2)

Economy, Democracy Corruption

158

(1)

To Punish or to Start Anew?

159

(1)

The Rip Van Winkle Effect

160

(1)

Albania

161

(1)

Suggested Readings

161

(2)

The Horrors of Yugoslavia

163

(18)

The Origins of Serbian Nationalism

163

(2)

The First Failure of Yugoslavia

165

(1)

The Second Failure of Yugoslavia

166

(2)

Yugoslavia's Structural Defects

167

(1)

The Wars of Yugoslav Succession

168

(4)

Searching for Blame

169

(3)

And What of Bosnia?

172

(4)

Hyped Hatred

173

(1)

Three Balkan Wars and How They Ended

174

(2)

Unprofor Lousy Ifor Excellent

176

(1)

The Kosovo Campaign

176

(3)

What Should We Do?

177

(1)

Unsettled Macedonia

178

(1)

Suggested Readings

179

(2)

Lessons, Hopes, Fears

181

(16)

Some Lessons

181

(6)

Socialist Economies Work Poorly

181

(1)

Is Marxism Dead?

182

(1)

What Is the Alternative to Capitalism?

183

(1)

Political Culture Is Not Very Malleable

184

(1)

Empires Are Expensive

185

(1)

There Is No Middle Ground between a Communist System and a Democratic System

185

(1)

Likewise, There Is No Middle Ground between a Centrally Controlled Economy and a Market Economy

185

(1)

A Rapid Transition to a Free Economy Is Best

185

(1)

Anti-Ifonlyism

186

(1)

Some Hopes

187

(4)

East Europe Will Join the European Union

187

(1)

The Russians Don't Panic Over East Europe

187

(1)

More ``Fried Snowballs''? Is Market Socialism Possible?

188

(2)

East Europe Turns Capitalist and Prosperous

190

(1)

Some Fears

191

(4)

Authoritarian Regimes Take Over in East Europe

191

(1)

Extreme Nationalist Regimes Take Over in East Europe

192

(1)

West Europe Fails to Open Its Markets to East Europe

192

(1)

Is Germany a Menace?

193

(1)

A United Europe Locks Out Foreign Goods

193

(1)

Foreigners Fail to Invest in East Europe

194

(1)

Germany Takes Over East Europe

195

(1)

Suggested Readings

195

(2)

Index

197

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THIS BOOK IS NOT WRITTEN BY AN EXPERT ON EAST EUROPE, NOR IS IT INTENDED l for such experts. It grew out of my decision to include East Europe in an introductory comparative politics course. At the time, the upheaval in East Europe was making headlines every day; I could think of no way to make comparative politics more exciting or relevant. I looked for an introductory text and found nothing suitable. Existing works on East Europe tended to be overly specialized studies, sometimes of single countries, that had been overtaken by events. Many of these studies, prepared with great diligence by careful scholars, became irrelevant; Some were based on mistaken assumptions. Furthermore, the leading edge of political science requires its practitioners to theorize too much. To read some studies, one might think East Europe was populated by theories rather than by humans. The net package was a literature that was inaccessible to undergraduates, especially first-time students of East Europe. Many students have never been exposed to the basics that make something like East Europe intelligible. Especially lacking in the specialized literature are geography and twentieth-century history. How many students, for example, can locate Southern Dobrudja on a map? (Even worse, after they have been shown, a few still cannot locate Northern Dobrudja.) Accordingly, an introductory text must fill in many gaps in basic student knowledge. Writing this book gave me the opportunity to return to an area that was of great interest to me many years ago. From 1963 to 1964, I studied at the University of Belgrade, and I authored an earlier book ( Other Governments of Europe,Prentice Hall, 1977) that included Yugoslavia and East Germany. It was good to get back to an area that in recent years has not attracted the attention it deserves. For classroom instruction, East Europe and its recent upheavals provide some wonderful examples and case studies of legitimacy (or lack thereof), ideology (or lack thereof), the relation between politics and economics, international dependency, political culture, institution building, and party systems. Especially fascinating are the differences between East and West Europe and how rapidly the former will catch up with the latter. In the course of writing this book, it occurred to me that I was engaged in dialogues with three imaginary figures: one a leftist, one a rightist, and the third an optimistic political scientist. These figures are composites of people I have known over the years. The leftist, while uncomfortable with the actual workings of Communist East Europe, still thinks that Marx was basically right and that some type of socialism, perhaps the alleged "humanist" variety of the young Marx,, is the progressive thing to aim for. But East Europe really was socialism in action: What you saw was what you got. The rightist, on the other hand, is little aware of how bad and backward East Europe was before the Communists took over and, afterward, how difficult the transition from Communism will be. Rightists tend to believe that everything will be great with the Communists out of power. It is not that simple. The sources of instability are many in East Europe, and attitudes and institutions are not yet fully attuned to pluralist democracy and a market economy. Extreme and sometimes bloody nationalism erupted after the Communist blanket was removed. I still hope that after a long and difficult period of adjustment, most of East Europe will join West Europe as modern democracies and free economies. The imaginary political scientist, steeped in theories of systems and stability, for some years thought East Europe was headed for a middle way of hybrid regimes in which the Communists shared power with others. After some decades of reflecting on middle ways or third paths between communism and democracy, controlled and market economies (the purpose of my year in Yugoslavia), I concluded that they do not exist, or, if attempted, have short life spans. Events in East Europe and the ex-Soviet Union, I think, bear me out. My imaginary scholar also closely analyzed party elites, too closely to notice that the whole system depended on the threat of Soviet intervention. Take away that threat and the game of musical chairs in some politburo is about as significant as arranging deck chairs on the Titanic. This fourth edition has allowed me to get into the dynamics of building democracy and the violence of ex-Yugoslavia. Chapter 8 borrows from my article on party systems in the March 1993 East European Quarterly.My thanks go to its editor, Stephen Fischer-Galati, for permission to use portions of this article. Chapter 9 includes portions of my article on the war in ex-Yugoslavia in the Autumn 1994 Parameters,the journal of the U.S. Army War College, where I served as a visiting professor from 1991 to 1994. This experience was a time of intellectual growth and challenge, during which I came to appreciate more sharply the security dilemmas of the region. Dr. Gary Guertner and retired Col. John Madigan, editor of Parameters,encouraged me to elaborate some of my ideas on ex-Yugoslavia. One of the highlights of the Army War College is working with International Fellows, some of whom were directly relevant to this book. I must thank Col. Gunther Wolfframm of Austria; Lt. Col. Thadeusz Lesniowski, Col. Zdzislaw Wojcik, and Col. Kazimierz Sikorski of Poland; Col. Tibor Nagy and Maj. Gen. Ferenc Vegh of Hungary; and Lt. Col. Jiri Sedivy of the Czech Republic, from whom I learned so much. Special thanks must also go to Zsuzsa Kelen, an economist and distant cousin in Budapest, who gave me many insights into the economic difficulties of the transition to a market system. Doctors Cestmir Konecny and Miloslav Had of the Institute of International Relations in Prague illuminated the factors underlying the Czech-Slovak split. 44. Gen. Pavol Gavlas, director of the Institute for Strategic Studies in Prague, gave me a lucid, somber orientation on the security implications of Slovak separation, and Dr. Andrzej Karkoszka of the Polish Institute of International Affairs in Warsaw gave me a clear perspective on the various impacts of Poland''s massive economic change. Dr. Anton Zabkar of the Slovenian Defense Ministry gave me an insider''s view of the breakup of Yugoslavia and the role of the Yugoslav army in it. I also owe special thanks to my Lycoming colleagues. Historian Robert Larson, with whom I toured Central Europe in 1992, made important comments about and corrections in some of my historical chapters; he saved me from making several misstatements. Mathematician Andrzej Bucki gave me an insider''s view of Solidarity and taught me how to pronounce Polish names. Additionally, I wish to thank Donald E. Pienkos of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Zachary T. Irwin of the Pennsylvania State University-Erie, The Behrend College; and Joan Serafm of Frostburg State University in Maryland for their conscientious and helpful remarks on the first edition. Full responsibility, of course, is mine. I welcome all professional comments and corrections for possible future editions. They can be sent directly to me at Lycoming College, Williamsport, PA 17701, or e-mail roskin@lycoming.edu. Michael G. Roskin

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The Rebirth of East Europe

The Rebirth of East Europe

0130341207

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