In The Race Illusion, Adam Hochman argues that there are no human races, only racialized groups-groups mistakenly believed to be races. He meticulously critiques all of the major defenses of the view that races exist, beginning with biological accounts. While there is some human biological diversity, it is not distributed in a way that would justify racial classification. Hochman shows how modern attempts to revive race as a biological category either trivialize the category or change the topic entirely.

Many now believe race to be a 'social construct,' a phrase Hochman criticizes for its ambiguity. The idea of race is a social invention, racial classification is determined by social factors, and racism is a social phenomenon. However, that does not mean that 'race' itself is social. Hochman argues that for social races to exist, they would need to be definable in terms of social properties; yet scholars have been unable to identify the social properties that plausibly make a group a race.
After examining ten biological and seven social accounts of race, Hochman develops and defends the view in The Race Illusion that there are no races, only racialized groups. He argues that rejecting 'race' as a category of analysis and replacing it with 'racialized group' is not only the most theoretically sound approach, but also the one best suited to fighting racism.