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Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

by: Lawhead, William F.

Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

by: Lawhead, William F.

ISBN 13:
9780767402187
ISBN 10:
0767402189
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/24/1999
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages
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Summary

The Philosophical Journey is a topically organized text presented in an interactive format designed to get students' philosophical intuitions flowing. The book's guiding metaphor of "explorers on a journey" makes readers active participants in ongoing discoveries. The message of this book is that philosophy is a vital activity and way of thinking that can be practiced and developed.

Preface

Introduction to the Philosophical Journey: Where Are We Going and How Will We Get There?

(59)

Overview of the Journey

(12)

Philosophy and Aerobics

(1)

Philosophy and Love

(1)

Philosophy and Peanut Butter

(1)

Philosophy and Colds

(1)

What do Philosophers Study?

(3)

Philosophy as a Journey

(1)

Guideposts for your Journey

(4)

Socrates and the Search for Wisdom

(18)

Socrates's Life and Mission

(1)

Apology

(5)

Plato

Socrates's Method

(2)

Republic

(5)

Plato

What is the Practical Value of Philosophy?

(1)

Socrates's Teachings

(3)

Argument and Evidence: How do I Decide what to Believe?

(28)

Evaluating Philosophical Claims and Theories

(3)

The Nature of Arguments

(3)

Deductive Arguments

(7)

Inductive Arguments

(2)

Informal Fallacies

(6)

Learning More About Arguments and Evidence

(1)

Review for Chapter 1

(6)

The Search for Knowledge

(190)

Overview of the Problem of Knowledge

(11)

Scouting the Territory: What can I Know?

(2)

Charting the Terrain of Knowledge: What are the Issues?

(5)

Choosing a Path: What are My Options Concerning Knowledge?

(2)

What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Knowledge, Doubt, Reason, and Experience

(1)

Key to the Questionnaire on Knowledge

(1)

Skepticism

(23)

Leading Questions: Skepticism

(1)

Surveying the Case for Skepticism

(4)

Early Greek Skeptics

(1)

Rene Descartes (1596--1650)

(3)

Meditations on First Philosophy

(3)

Rene Descartes

Meditations on First Philosophy

(2)

Rene Descartes

David Hume (1711--1776)

(1)

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1)

(3)

David Hume

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (2)

(2)

David Hume

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (3)

(1)

David Hume

A Treatise of Human Nature

(1)

David Hume

Looking Through the Skeptic's Lens

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Skepticism

(1)

Rationalism

(21)

Leading Questions: Rationalism

(1)

Surveying the Case for Rationalism

(1)

The Three Anchor Points of Rationalism

(2)

The Rationalists' Answers to the Three Epistemological Questions

(1)

Socrates (c. 470--399 B. C.)

(2)

Plato (c. 428--348 B. C.)

101

(2)

Phaedo (1)

103

(5)

Plato

Phaedo (2)

108

(1)

Plato

Rene Descartes

109

(1)

Meditations on First Philosophy

110

(4)

Rene Descartes

Looking Through the Rationalist's Lens

114

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Rationalism

115

(1)

Empiricism

116

(26)

Leading Questions: Empiricism

116

(1)

Surveying the Case for Empiricism

117

(1)

The Three Anchor Points of Empiricism

117

(2)

The Empiricists' Answers to the Three Epistemological Questions

119

(1)

John Locke (1632--1704)

120

(5)

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

125

(2)

John Locke

George Berkeley (1685--1753)

127

(2)

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

129

(7)

George Berkeley

David Hume

136

(1)

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

137

(3)

David Hume

Summary of Rationalism and Empiricism

140

(1)

Looking Through the Empiricist's Lens

140

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Empiricism

140

(2)

Kantian Constructivism

142

(17)

Leading Questions: Constructivism

142

(1)

Surveying the Case for Kantian Constructivism

143

(1)

Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)

143

(2)

Critique of Pure Reason (1)

145

(7)

Immanuel Kant

Critique of Pure Reason (2)

152

(5)

Immanuel Kant

Looking Through Kant's Lens

157

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Kantian Constructivism

158

(1)

Epistemological Relativism

159

(23)

Leading Questions: Epistemological Relativism

159

(1)

Surveying the Case for Relativism

160

(9)

Ways of Worldmaking

169

(7)

Nelson Goodman

The Teachings of Don Juan

176

(3)

Carlos Castaneda

Preview of Coming Attractions

179

(1)

Looking Through the Relativist's Lens

180

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Relativism

181

(1)

Rethinking the Western Tradition: Existentialism

182

(18)

Leading Questions: Existentialism

182

(1)

Surveying the Case for Existentialism

183

(1)

Søren Kierkegaard (1813--1855)

184

(3)

Concluding Unscientific Postscript

187

(2)

Søren Kierkegaard

The Journals

189

(1)

Søren Kierkegaard

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844--1900)

190

(3)

Beyond Good and Evil

193

(5)

Friedrich Nietzsche

Looking Through the Existentialist's Lens

198

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Existentialism

199

(1)

Rethinking the Western Tradition: Pragmatism

200

(19)

Leading Questions: Pragmatism

200

(1)

Surveying the Case for Pragmatism

201

(11)

Pragmatism's Conception of Truth

212

(5)

William James

Looking Through the Pragmatist's Lens

217

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Pragmatism

218

(1)

Rethinking the Western Tradition: Feminist Epistemology

219

(31)

Leading Questions: Feminist Epistemology

219

(1)

Surveying the Case for Feminist Epistemology

220

(3)

Women, Knowledge, and Reality

223

(2)

Ann Garry

Marilyn Pearsall

Issues and Themes in Feminist Epistemology

225

(8)

Feminist Epistemology and the Problem of Relativism

233

(1)

What Can She Know?

234

(1)

Lorraine Code

Looking Through the Lens of Feminist Epistemology

235

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Feminist Epistemology

236

(2)

Review for Chapter 2

238

(12)

The Search for Ultimate Reality

250

(155)

Overview of Metaphysics

251

(18)

Scouting the Territory: What is Reality?

251

(1)

Charting the Terrain of Metaphysics: What are the Issues?

252

(5)

Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Metaphysics?

257

(1)

Conceptual Tools: The Basics of Metaphysics

258

(3)

Plato's Metaphysics

261

(5)

Republic

266

(3)

Plato

What Do I Think? Questionnaire on What is Most Real

269

(1)

Overview: The Mind-Body Problem

269

(10)

Scouting the Territory: What is the Mind? What is the Body?

269

(1)

Tantalus

270

(3)

Hugh Elliot

Charting the Terrain of the Mind-Body Problem: What are the Issues?

273

(1)

Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning the Mind and the Body?

274

(3)

What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Mind and Body

277

(1)

Key to the Mind-Body Questionnaire

278

(1)

Dualism

279

(9)

Leading Questions: Dualism

279

(1)

Surveying the Case for Dualism

280

(1)

Descartes's Arguments for Mind-Body Dualism

280

(2)

Discourse on the Method

282

(1)

Rene Descartes

Meditations on First Philosophy (1)

283

(2)

Rene Descartes

Meditations on First Philosophy (2)

285

(2)

Rene Descartes

Looking Through the Dualist's Lens

287

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism

288

(1)

Physicalism

288

(16)

Leading Questions: Physicalism

288

(1)

Surveying the Case for Physicalism

289

(8)

Matter and Consciousness

297

(5)

Paul Churchland

Looking Through the Physicalist's Lens

302

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Physicalism

302

(2)

Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence

304

(21)

Leading Questions: Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence

304

(1)

The Amazing Chess-Playing Machine

305

(2)

Surveying the Case for Functionalism

307

(3)

The Mind-Body Problem

310

(1)

Jerry Fodor

Surveying the Case for Artificial Intelligence

311

(5)

Why, People Think Computers Can't

316

(6)

Marvin Minsky

Looking Through the Lens of Functionalism and Strong AI

322

(2)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Functionalism and Strong AI

324

(1)

Overview: Freedom and Determinism

325

(11)

Scouting the Territory: Freedom and Determinism

325

(2)

Charting the Terrain of Freedom and Determinism: What are the Issues?

327

(1)

Conceptual Tools: Thinking About Freedom

328

(2)

Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Human Freedom?

330

(4)

What do I Think? Questionnaire on Freedom and Determinism

334

(1)

Key to the Questionnaire on Freedom and Determinism

335

(1)

Hard Determinism

336

(24)

Leading Questions: Hard Determinisms

336

(1)

The Debate Over Determinism

337

(1)

Walden Two

337

(1)

B. F. Skinner

Surveying the Case for Hard Determinism

338

(1)

The problems With Libertarianism

339

(1)

The Positive Case for Determinism

340

(5)

The Denial of Moral Responsibility

345

(1)

Erewhon

346

(2)

Samuel Butler

The Leopold and Loeb Trial

348

(2)

Clarence Darrow

Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632--1677)

350

(2)

B. F. Skinner (1904--1990)

352

(3)

A Lecture on ``Having'' a Poem

355

(4)

B. F. Skinner

Looking Through The Hard Determinist's Lens

359

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Hard Determinism

359

(1)

Libertarianism

360

(22)

Leading Questions: Libertarianism

360

(1)

Surveying The Case for Libertarianism

361

(1)

The Problems With Determinism

361

(2)

Three Views of Freedom

363

(6)

The Positive Arguments for Libertarianism

369

(4)

Metaphysics

373

(2)

Richard Taylor

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905--1980)

375

(1)

Being and Nothingness

376

(2)

Jean-Paul Sartre

Dirty Hands

378

(2)

Jean-Paul Sartre

Looking Through The Libertarian's Lens

380

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Libertarianism

381

(1)

Compatibilism

382

(23)

Leading Questions: Compatibilism

382

(1)

Surveying The Case for Compatibilism (Soft Determinism)

383

(4)

Religion and the Modern Mind

387

(8)

Walter R. Stace

Looking Through the Compatibilist's Lens

395

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of Compatibilism

396

(1)

Review for Chapter 3

397

(8)

The Search for God

405

(101)

Overview of Philosophy of Religion

406

(7)

Scouting The Territory: The Impact of Religion

406

(1)

Does God Exist?

406

(1)

Peter Kreeft

Charting The Terrain of Religion: What are The Issues?

407

(1)

Choosing A Path: What are my Options Concerning Religious Belief?

407

(3)

Conceptual Tools: Arguments for The Exitence of God

410

(2)

What Do I Think? Questionnaire on The Existence of God

412

(1)

Key to The Questionnaire on The Existence of God

412

(1)

The Cosmological Argument for God

413

(12)

Leading Questions: The Cosmological Argument

413

(1)

Surveying The Case for The Cosmological Argument

413

(1)

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225--1274)

414

(1)

Summa Theologica

415

(3)

Thomas Aquinas

Metaphysics

418

(5)

Richard Taylor

Looking Through The Lens of The Cosmological Argument

423

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Cosmological Argument

424

(1)

The Design Argument for God

425

(11)

Leading Questions: The Argument From Design

425

(1)

Surveying The Case for The Design Argument

425

(1)

William Paley (1743--1805)

426

(1)

Natural Theology

426

(2)

William Paley

Science and Cosmic Design

428

(1)

David Hume

429

(1)

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

430

(5)

David Hume

Looking Through The Lens of The Argument from Design

435

(1)

Examining the Strengths and Weaknesses of The Argument from Design

435

(1)

The Ontological Argument for God

436

(6)

Leading Questions: The Ontological Argument

436

(1)

Surveying The Case for The Ontological Argument

437

(1)

St. Anselm (1033--1109)

438

(1)

Proslogium

438

(3)

St. Anselm

Looking Through The Lens of The Ontological Argument

441

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Ontological Argument

441

(1)

Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications

442

(14)

Leading Questions: The Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications for Belief

442

(1)

Surveying The Case for Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications

443

(1)

Blaise Pascal (1623--1662)

444

(1)

Thoughts

444

(4)

Blaise Pascal

William James

448

(1)

The Will to Believe

449

(1)

William James

Søren Kierkegaard

450

(1)

Selections from his works

451

(3)

Søren Kierkegaard

Looking Through The Lens of The Pragmatic and Subjective Justifications of Religious Belief

454

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Pragmatic and Subjective Justification of Religious Belief

454

(2)

The Problem of Evil: Atheistic and Theistic Responses

456

(18)

Leading Questions: The Problem of Evil

456

(1)

Surveying The Case for Atheism: The Argument From Evil

456

(1)

The Plague

457

(3)

Albert Camus

Religious Responses to The Argument From Evil

460

(5)

Evil and the God of Love

465

(6)

John Hicks

The Problem of Pain

471

(1)

C. S. Lewis

Looking Through The Atheist's Lens

472

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Atheism

472

(2)

Rethinking The Western Tradition: Asian Religions

474

(32)

Leading Questions: Asian Religions

474

(1)

Surveying The Case for Hinduism

475

(2)

Reading: From the Upanishads

477

(8)

Surveying The Case for Buddhism

485

(2)

Reading: The Buddha, from Selected Teachings

487

(8)

Summary of Hindu and Buddhist Thought

495

(1)

Siddhartha

496

(1)

Herman Hesse

Looking Through The Hindu's and The Buddha's Lens

496

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Hinduism and Buddhism

497

(2)

Review For Chapter 4

499

(7)

The Search for Ethical Values

506

(171)

Overview of Ethics

507

(20)

Scouting The Territory: Why be Moral?

507

(1)

Republic

508

(2)

Plato

Charting The Terrain of Ethics: What are The Issues?

510

(1)

Conceptual Tools: Philosophical Ethics Versus Religion

510

(6)

The Question, Why be Moral? Reconsidered

516

(5)

Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Ethics?

521

(4)

What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Ethics, Actions, Consequences, Motives, and Character

525

(1)

Key to The Questionnaire on Ethics

526

(1)

Ethical Relativism Versus Objectivism

527

(27)

Leading Questions: Ethical Relativism and Ethical Objectivism

527

(2)

Surveying The Case for Ethical Relativism

529

(3)

The Histories

532

(1)

Herodotus

Ruth Benedict (1857--1948)

533

(1)

Anthropology and the Abnormal

533

(5)

Ruth Benedict

Looking Through The Lens of Ethical Relativism

538

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Ethical Relativism

539

(2)

Surveying The Case for Ethical Objectivism

541

(4)

The Challenge of Cultural Relativism

545

(7)

James Rachels

Looking Through The Lens of Ethical Objectivism

552

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Ethical Objectivism

553

(1)

Ethical Egoism

554

(19)

Leading Questions: Ethical Egoism

554

(1)

Of Human Bondage

555

(1)

Somerset Maugham

Surveying The Case for Ethical Egoism

556

(11)

The Virtue of Selfishness

567

(4)

Ayn Rand

Looking Through The Egoist's Lens

571

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Egoism

571

(2)

Utilitarianism

573

(24)

Leading Questions: Utilitarianism

573

(4)

Surveying The Case for Utilitarianism

577

(1)

Jeremy Bentham (1748--1832)

577

(1)

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

578

(4)

Jeremy Bentham

John Stuart Mill (1806--1873)

582

(1)

Utilitarianism

582

(4)

John Stuart Mill

Utilitarianism: Objectivism or Relativism?

586

(1)

The Consequences of Consequentialism: A Test Case

587

(1)

Comparing Harms: Headaches and Human Lives

588

(3)

Alastair Norcross

The Problem of Justice and Rights

591

(1)

Act-Utilitarianism Versus Rule-Utilitariansm

592

(2)

Looking Through The Utilitarian's Lens

594

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

595

(2)

Kantian Ethics

597

(20)

Leading Questions: Kantian Ethics

597

(1)

Surveying The Case for Kantian Ethics

598

(1)

Immanuel Kant

598

(2)

Foundations of The Metaphysics of Morals

600

(15)

Immanuel Kant

Looking Through The Lens of Kantian Ethics

615

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Kantian Ethics

615

(2)

Virtue Ethics

617

(24)

Leading Questions: Virtue Ethics

617

(2)

Surveying The Case for Virtue Ethics

619

(1)

What is Virtue?

619

(2)

The Problems With The Utilitarian View

621

(1)

The Problems With The Kantian View

622

(1)

The Positive Case for Virtue Ethics

623

(5)

Aristotle (384--322 B. C.)

628

(1)

Nicomachean Ethics

628

(6)

Aristotle

The Virtues in Confucian Thought

634

(1)

The Analects

635

(1)

Confucius

A Contemporary Application of Virtue Ethics

636

(1)

Moral Character and Abortion

636

(1)

Janet Smith

Summary of Virtue Ethics

637

(1)

Looking Through The Lens of Virtue Ethics

638

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Virtue Ethics

639

(2)

Rethinking The Western Tradition: Feminist Ethics

641

(36)

Leading Questions: Feminist Ethics

641

(1)

Surveying The Case For Feminist Ethics

642

(4)

Two Approaches to Feminist Ethics

646

(2)

In a Different Voice

648

(12)

Carol Gilligan

Liberating Care

660

(4)

Marilyn Friedman

Summary of Feminist Ethics

664

(1)

Looking Through The Lens of Feminist Ethics

665

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Feminist Ethics

665

(2)

Review for Chapter 5

667

(10)

The Search for The Just Society

677

(110)

Overview of Political Philosophy

678

(5)

Scouting The Territory: Thinking About Government

678

(1)

Charting The Terrain of Political Philosophy: What are The Issues?

679

(1)

Choosing a Path: What are my Options Concerning Political Philosophy?

680

(1)

What Do I Think? Questionnaire on Political Philosophy

681

(1)

Key to The Questionnaire on Political Philosophy

682

(1)

The Justification of Government

683

(24)

Leading Questions: The Justification of Government

683

(2)

Surveying The Case for Anarchism

685

(2)

In Defense of Anarchism

687

(4)

Robert Paul Wolff

Looking Through The Anarchist's Lens

691

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Anarchism

691

(1)

Surveying The Case for Social Contract Theory

692

(1)

Leviathan

693

(9)

Thomas Hobbes

An Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government

702

(4)

John Locke

Reading: From The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

706

(1)

Looking Through The Lens of The Social Contract Theory

706

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Social Contract Theory

706

(1)

The Question of Justice

707

(28)

Leading Questions: The Nature of Justice

707

(2)

Surveying The Case For Justice As Merit

709

(1)

Republic

710

(2)

Plato

Looking Through Plato's Lens

712

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Plato's Theory of Justice

713

(1)

Surveying The Case for Justice as Conformity to The Natural Law

714

(2)

Summa Theologica

716

(1)

Thomas Aquinas

Looking Through The Lens of Natural Law Theory

717

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Natural Law Theory

717

(1)

Surveying The Case for Justice as Social Utility

718

(1)

John Stuart Mill

718

(1)

Utilitarianism

719

(4)

John Stuar Mill

Looking Through Mill's Lens

723

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Mill's Theory of Justice

723

(1)

Surveying The Case for Justice as Fairness

724

(1)

John Rawls (Born 1921)

724

(1)

A Theory of Justice

725

(7)

John Rawls

Justice, Gender, and the Family

732

(2)

Susan Molle Okin

Looking Through Rawls's Lens

734

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Rawls's Theory of Justice

734

(1)

The Individual and The State

735

(25)

Leading Questions: The Individual and The State

735

(2)

Surveying The Case for Classical Liberalism

737

(1)

John Stuart Mill

737

(1)

On Liberty

738

(7)

John Stuar Mill

Looking Through The Lens of Classical Liberalism

745

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Classical Liberalism

745

(1)

Surveying The Case for Marxism

746

(1)

Karl Marx (1818--1883)

746

(6)

Communist Manifesto

752

(6)

Karl Marx

Friedrich Engels

Looking Through The Lens of Marxism

758

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of Marxism

759

(1)

Civil Disobedience

760

(27)

Leading Questions: Civil Disobedience

760

(2)

Surveying The Case Against Civil Disobedience

762

(2)

Crito

764

(4)

Plato

Looking Through The Lens of The Opponents of Civil Disobedience

768

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Opposition to Civil Disobedience

769

(1)

Surveying The Case for Civil Disobedience

770

(1)

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869--1948)

771

(2)

Young India

773

(3)

Mahatma Gandhi

Martin Luther King Jr. (1929--1986)

776

(1)

Letter from Birmingham Jail

777

(3)

Martin Luther King Jr.

Looking Through The Lens of The Supporters of Civil Disobedience

780

(1)

Examining The Strengths and Weaknesses of The Civil Disobedience Position

780

(1)

Review For Chapter 6

781

(6)

Credits

787

(2)

Index

789

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Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

9780767402187

0767402189

Summary

Table of Contents

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

Philosophical Journey : A Field Manual for Explorers

9780767402187

0767402189

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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