9780130485618

For one-semester courses in Introduction to Philosophy, History of Philosophy, History of Philosophy survey, or History of Intellectual Thought. This anthology in the survey of Western philosophy, from the Ancient Greeks to the 20th-century, features the best available translations of textscomplete works or complete sections of works. Introductions to each historical period and to each philosopher, an abundance of drawings, diagrams, photographs, and a timeline help to keep students focused throughout.

Preface

ix

Ancient Greek Philosophy

1

(244)

Plato

3

(140)

Euthyphro

8

(13)

Apology

21

(17)

Crito

38

(8)

Phaedo (72c-83c, 114e end)

46

(12)

Meno

58

(24)

Republic (Book II, 357a-362c, 368c-376c; Book III, 412b-417b; Book IV, c-448e; Book V, complete: 448e-480a; Book VI-VII, 502c-521b)

82

(61)

Aristotle

143

(102)

Categories (Chapters 1-5)

147

(5)

Physics (Book II complete)

152

(11)

Metaphysics (Bk I, 1-4, 6, 9; and XII, 6-9)

163

(16)

On the Soul (Book II, Chapters 1-3; III, 4-5)

179

(6)

Nichomachean Ethics (Bk I-II; VI-VII; X, 6-8)

185

(60)

Hellenistic Philosophy

245

(36)

Epicurus

248

(9)

Letter to Menoeceus

250

(4)

Principal Doctrines

254

(3)

Epictetus

257

(14)

Encheiridion (Manual)

259

(12)

Plotinus

271

(10)

Enneads (Ennead I, Tractate 6)

273

(8)

Christianity and Medieval Philosophy

281

(112)

Augustine

287

(29)

Confessions (Book VIII, 5, 8-12 and XI, 14-28)

290

(15)

City of God (Book XII, Chapters 1-9)

305

(11)

Boethius

316

(6)

The Consolation of Philosophy (Book V, Chapter 6)

318

(4)

Anselm (and Gaunilo)

322

(9)

Proslogion (Preface, Chapters 1-4)

324

(2)

Gaunilo and Anselm: Debate (Selections)

326

(5)

Hildegard of Bingen

331

(7)

Scivias (Book I, Vision 4, 16-20)

333

(5)

Moses Maimonides

338

(7)

The Guide for the Perplexed (Part II, Introduction)

340

(5)

Thomas Aquinas

345

(34)

Summa Theologica (Selections)

349

(30)

William of Ockham

379

(8)

Summa Logicae (Part I, Chapters 14-16)

382

(5)

Pico Della Mirandola

387

(6)

Oration on the Dignity of Man (1-7)

389

(4)

Modern Philosophy

393

(536)

Rene Descartes

395

(52)

Meditations on the First Philosophy

399

(44)

Correspondence with Princess Elizabeth (selections)

443

(4)

Thomas Hobbes

447

(42)

Leviathan (selections from Chapters 1-3, 6, 9, 12-15, 17-18, 21)

450

(39)

Blaise Pascal

489

(9)

Pensees (selections)

492

(6)

Baruch Spinoza

498

(54)

Ethics (Sections I & II)

500

(52)

John Locke

552

(57)

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (abridged)

554

(55)

Gottfried Leibniz

609

(40)

Discourse on Metaphysics

612

(28)

The Monadology

640

(9)

George Berkeley

649

(62)

Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

652

(59)

David Hume

711

(80)

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

714

(77)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

791

(12)

The Social Contract (Book I)

794

(9)

Immanuel Kant

803

(119)

Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

807

(72)

Foundation for the Metaphysics of Morals

879

(43)

Mary Wollstonecraft

922

(7)

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Chapter 6)

924

(5)

Nineteenth-Century Philosophy

929

(134)

G. W. F. Hagel

931

(12)

Phenomenology of Spirit (B, IV, A: ``Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness: Relations of Master and Servant'')

934

(6)

Who Thinks Abstractly?

940

(3)

John Stuart Mill

943

(42)

Utilitarianism

946

(39)

Søren Kiergegaard

985

(23)

Fear and Trembling (Problema I: ``Teleological Suspention of the Ethical'')

989

(8)

Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Section II, Chapter 2, ``Subjective Truth, Inwardness: Truth Is Subjectivity'')

997

(11)

Karl Marx

1008

(23)

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1894 (``Alienated Labor'')

1011

(9)

Manifesto of the Communist Party (Chapters 1, 2, 4)

1020

(10)

A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Preface)

1030

(1)

Friedrich Nietzsche

1031

(32)

The Birth of Tragedy (Chapters 1-3)

1035

(6)

Thus Spoke Zarathustra (First Part, 1-3)

1041

(3)

Twilight of the Idols (Selections)

1044

(16)

The Anti-Christ (First Book, 2-7, 62)

1060

(3)

Twentieth-Century Philosophy

1063

Edmund Husserl

1067

Phenomenology (Encyclopaedia Brittanica article)

1070

Bertrand Russell

1078

The Problems of Philosophy (Chapters 1 & 15)

1081

Martin Heidegger

1090

An Introduction to Metaphysics (Chapter 1: ``The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics'')

1095

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1121

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Sections 1-3.1431,4, 4.06, 4.1, 5, 5.6, 6.4-7)

1121

Philosophical Investigations (Paragraphs 1-47, 65-71, 241, 257-58, 305, 309)

1133

Jean-Paul Sartre

1150

Being and Nothingness (Chapter 2: ``Bad Faith'' [selections])

1154

Existentialism Is a Humanism (Selections)

1169

Willard Van Orman Quine

1176

Two Dogmas of Empiricism

1179

Jacques Derrida

1194

Signature, Event, Context

1198

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There is no better introduction to philosophy than to read some of the great philosophers. But few books are more difficult to read than Aristotle'sMetaphysicsor Spinoza'sEthics.Even works that are less puzzling are sometimes like snippets of a conversation that you overhear on entering a room: What is said is clear, only you cannot be sure you have got the point because you do not know just what has gone before. A slight point may be crucial to refute some earlier suggestion, and a seemingly pointless remark may contain a barbed allusion. As a result of this difficulty, some students of philosophy cry out for a simple summary of the "central doctrines" of the great philosophers. Yet carving up great books to excerpt essential doctrines is one of the greatest sins against the spirit of philosophy. If the reading of a whole Platonic dialogue leaves one more doubtful and less sure of oneself than the perusal of a brief summary, so much the better. It is part of the point of philosophy to make us a little less sure about things. After all, Socrates himself insisted that what distinguished him from other persons was not that he knew all, or even most, answers but rather that he realized his ignorance. Still, one need not despair of joining this ongoing conversation. In the first place, you can get in near the beginning of this conversation by starting with Plato and moving on from there. Given that they are over two thousand years old, his early dialogues are surprisingly easy to follow. The later Platonic dialogues, Aristotle, and much which follows will be more difficult, but by that point you will have some idea of what the conversation is about. Secondly, the structure of this book is designed to make this conversation accessible. There are section introductions and introductions to' the individual philosophers. These latter introductions are divided into three sections: (1) biographical (a glimpse of the life), (2) philosophical (a resume of the philosopher's thought), and (3) bibliographical (suggestions for further reading). To give a sense of the development of ideas, there are short representative passages from some of the less important, but transitional, thinkers. To make all the works more readable, most footnotes treating textual matters (variant readings, etc.) have been omitted and all Greek words have been transliterated and put in angle brackets. My goal throughout this volume is to be unobtrusive and allow you to hear, and perhaps join in, the ongoing conversation that is Western philosophy. For this edition a number of small changes have been made including the addition of selections from Hildegard of Bingen, Descartes' correspondence with Princess Elizabeth, Rousseau, Wollstonecraft, and additional material from Plato, Anselm, and Locke. The translations of Plato'sApology and Crito,Plotinus'sEnneads,Anselm'sProslogion,Marx'sEconomic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844,and Martin Hiedegger'sIntroduction to Metaphysicshave also been changed. Throughout the editing of this edition, I have tried to follow the same three principles I used in the individual volumes of thePhilosophic Classicsseries: (1) to use complete works or, where more appropriate, complete sections of works (2) in clear translations (3) of texts central to the thinker's philosophy or widely accepted as part of the "canon." Those who use this volume in a one-term introduction to philosophy, history of philosophy, or history of intellectual thought course will find more material here than can easily fit a normal semester. But this embarrassment of riches gives teachers some choice and, for those who offer the same course year after year, an opportunity to change the menu.

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Philosophic Classics : From Plato to Derrida

Philosophic Classics : From Plato to Derrida

0130485616

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