Based on contributions by a prestigious group of panelists from the 25th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), this book explores key developments and current problems in parallel and distributed processing as well as the major opportunities and challenges for the future. It analyzes what developments made an impact and which did not, covering applications, algorithms, software, and architecture. The book also looks at how the future computing landscape will change with respect to infrastructure and how to maintain performance growth in light of upcoming technological barriers.