Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

by: Friedman, Howard S.; Schustack, Miriam W.

Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

by: Friedman, Howard S.; Schustack, Miriam W.

ISBN 13:
9780205439652
ISBN 10:
0205439659
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2009
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
Newer Edition

Rent

Sorry, this item is currently unavailable.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

Extend or Purchase Your Rental at Any Time

Need to keep your rental past your due date? At any time before your due date you can extend or purchase your rental through your account.

Summary

This successful text puts "personality" back into the personality course. Integrating the classic insights of personality theorists with the modern research of investigators in the field, Personality will fascinate students and encourage deeper thought.

Preface

xxiii

About the Authors

xxvii

Part I Introduction

What Is Personality?

(26)

Personality and Science

(4)

Where Do Personality Theories Come From?

(2)

Preview of the Perspectives

(4)

Overview of the Eight Perspectives

(2)

Are Personality Aspects Really Separable?

(2)

A Brief History of Personality Psychology

(8)

Theater and Self-Presentation

(1)

Religion

(1)

Evolutionary Biology

(1)

Testing

(3)

Modern Theory

(2)

Some Basic Issues: The Unconscious, the Self, Uniqueness, Gender, Situations, Culture

(3)

What Is the Unconscious?

(1)

What Is the Self?

(1)

Does Each Individual Require a Unique Approach?

(1)

Are There Differences between Men and Women?

(1)

The Person versus the Situation

(1)

To What Extent Is Personality Culturally Determined?

(1)

Is Personality a Useful Concept?

(1)

Personality in Context

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

(3)

How Is Personality Studied and Assessed?

(42)

Measuring Personality

(6)

Reliability

(2)

Construct Validity

(2)

Bias

(3)

Response Sets

(1)

Ethnic Bias

(1)

Gender Bias

(1)

Varieties of Personality Measures

(20)

Self-Report Tests

(1)

Q-Sort Tests

(1)

Ratings and Judgments by Others

(2)

Biological Measures

(2)

Behavioral Observations

(2)

Interviews

(2)

Expressive Behavior

(1)

Document Analysis and Life Stories

(2)

Projective Tests

(2)

Demographics and Lifestyle

(3)

Is There One Best Method of Assessment?

(1)

How Not to Test Personality

(2)

The Design of Research

(3)

Case Studies

(1)

Correlational Studies

(1)

Experimental Studies

(2)

The Ethics of Personality Testing

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

(4)

Part II Eight Basic Aspects of Personality

Psychoanalytic Aspects of Personality

(48)

Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts

(6)

The Unconscious and Therapeutic Techniques

(2)

The Structure of the Mind

(3)

Psychosexual Development

(6)

Oral Stage

(1)

Anal Stage

(2)

Phallic Stage

(2)

Latency Period

(1)

Genital Stage

(1)

Male versus Female

(2)

Defense Mechanisms

(10)

Repression

(4)

Reaction Formation

(1)

Denial

(1)

Projection

(1)

Displacement

(1)

Sublimation

(1)

Regression

(1)

Rationalization

(1)

Cross-Cultural Issues

(1)

Major Contributions and Limitations of Freudian Psychoanalysis

(4)

Modern Developments from Experimental Psychology

100

(14)

Unconscious Emotion and Motivation

101

(1)

Illusion of Free Will

102

(1)

Hypermnesia

103

(3)

Infantile Amnesia

106

(2)

Subliminal Perception

108

(1)

Memory

109

(2)

Amnesia

111

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

114

(3)

Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity

117

(44)

Carl G. Jung and Selfhood

119

(7)

Background to Jung's Approach

119

(2)

Jung's Analytic Psychology

121

(5)

Alfred Adler---The Inferiority Complex and the Importance of Society

126

(7)

Adler's Differences with Freudian Theory

127

(1)

Adler's Individual Psychology

127

(6)

Karen Horney---Culture and Feminism

133

(6)

Rejection of Penis Envy

135

(1)

Basic Anxiety

136

(1)

The Self

136

(1)

Neurotic Coping Strategies

137

(1)

Horney's Impact on Psychoanalytic Thinking

138

(1)

Bridges from Freud to More Modern Conceptions

139

(1)

Anna Freud

139

(1)

Heinz Hartmann

139

(1)

Object Relations Theories: A Conceptual Link between Self-Identity and Social Identity

140

(5)

Margaret Mahler and Symbiosis

140

(2)

Melanie Klein and the Relational Perspective

142

(2)

Heinz Kohut

144

(1)

The Contributions of Object Relations Approaches

144

(1)

Erik Erikson---Life-Span Identity and Identity Crises

145

(6)

Erikson's Life Path

145

(1)

Identity Formation and Ego Crises

146

(5)

Some Modern Approaches to Identity

151

(7)

Personal and Social Identity

152

(1)

Self-Monitoring

152

(2)

The Role of Goals and Life Tasks

154

(1)

Possible Selves and the Search for a Meaningful Life

155

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

158

(3)

Biological Aspects of Personality

161

(42)

Direct Genetic Effects

162

(2)

Natural Selection and Functionalism

163

(1)

Angelman Syndrome: Genes and Personality

163

(1)

Behavioral Genomics

164

(1)

Genetic Effects through Temperament

164

(9)

Activity, Emotionality, Sociability, Impulsivity

165

(2)

Eysenck's Model of Nervous System Temperament

167

(1)

Approach, Inhibition, and Regulation

168

(1)

Sensation Seeking and Addiction-Proneness

169

(2)

Brain Hemispheres and Personality

171

(2)

Twins as a Source of Data

173

(7)

Sir Francis Galton

174

(1)

Minnesota Twin Study

175

(1)

Nurture and Nonshared Environmental Variance

176

(2)

The Case of Schizophrenia

178

(1)

Inferences from Schizophrenic Twins

179

(1)

Sexual Identity and Homosexuality

180

(3)

Exotic Becomes Erotic

181

(1)

Kin Selection

182

(1)

Sex Hormones and Experience

182

(1)

Mediated Effects of Biology

183

(5)

Effects through Environmental Toxins: Poisoning

183

(1)

Effects through Physical Illness

184

(3)

Effects from Legal and Illegal Drugs

187

(1)

Effects from Creation of Environments

188

(4)

Tropisms

188

(2)

Do Looks Reveal Personality?: Somatotypes

190

(2)

Effects from Reactions of Others

192

(2)

Physical Attractiveness Stereotype

193

(1)

Sociobiology and Evolutionary Personality

194

(2)

Sociobiology

194

(1)

Cinderella Effect

194

(1)

Evolution and Culture

195

(1)

Personality and Public Policy

196

(4)

Social Darwinism and Eugenics: Psuedoscience

196

(1)

Culture, Nazis, and ``Superior Races''

197

(1)

The Human Genome: Racist Eugenics of the Future?

198

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

200

(3)

Behaviorist and Learning Aspects of Personality

203

(32)

The Classical Conditioning of Personality

204

(3)

Conditioning a Response to a Stimulus

205

(1)

Behavioral Patterns as a Result of Conditioning

205

(1)

Extinction Processes

206

(1)

Conditioning of Neurotic Behavior

206

(1)

Complexities in Application of Conditioning Principles

207

(1)

The Origins of Behaviorist Approaches: Watson's Behaviorism

207

(4)

The Rejection of Introspection

207

(1)

Applying Conditioning Principles to Little Albert: Conditioned Fear and Systematic Desensitization

208

(3)

The Radical Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner

211

(5)

Operant Conditioning

212

(1)

Operant Theory as an Alternative Description of Personality

212

(2)

Controlling the Reinforcement

214

(1)

Skinner's Behaviorist Utopia: Walden Two

214

(2)

Applying Behaviorism: Personality Change and Individual Differences

216

(5)

Internal Processes and Behaviorist Theory

219

(1)

External Causation versus Free Will or Free Choice

220

(1)

Other Learning Approaches to Personality

221

(7)

The Role of Internal Drives: Clark Hull

221

(1)

Social Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller

221

(1)

Habit Hierarchies

222

(3)

Drive Conflict

225

(1)

Patterns of Child-Rearing and Personality: Robert Sears

226

(1)

Modern Behaviorist Personality Approaches

226

(2)

Key Behaviorist Terms and Concepts

228

(2)

Evaluation

230

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

232

(3)

Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality

235

(40)

Roots of Cognitive Approaches

236

(5)

Roots in Gestalt Psychology

237

(1)

Kurt Lewin's Field Theory

238

(1)

Field Dependence as a Personality Variable

238

(3)

Cognitive and Perceptual Mechanisms

241

(6)

Schema Theory

241

(1)

Categorization

242

(2)

Control of Attention

244

(1)

Individual Differences in Attention: ADHD

244

(3)

Humans as Scientists: George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory

247

(3)

Individuals as Amateur Personality Theorists

247

(1)

The Role Construct Repertory Test

248

(2)

Social Intelligence

250

(1)

Explanatory Style as a Personality Variable

251

(2)

Optimism and Pessimism

251

(1)

Attributional Model of Learned Helplessness

252

(1)

Julian Rotter's Locus of Control Approach

253

(4)

Generalized versus Specific Expectancies

254

(2)

The Role of Reinforcements

256

(1)

The Psychological Situation

256

(1)

Locus of Control

256

(1)

Albert Bandura's Social-Cognitive Learning Theory

257

(11)

The Self-System

258

(1)

Observational Learning

258

(7)

Self-Efficacy

265

(1)

Self-Regulation Processes

266

(2)

Humans as Computers

268

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

271

(4)

Trait and Skill Aspects of Personality

275

(40)

The History of Trait Approaches

277

(4)

Ancient Conceptions

277

(1)

Jung's Extroversion and Introversion

278

(1)

The Use of Statistics: R. B. Cattell

279

(1)

Q-data, T-data, L-data, and the 16PF

280

(1)

Gordon Allport's Trait Psychology

281

(6)

Variability and Consistency

281

(2)

The Importance of Culture

283

(1)

Functional Equivalence

284

(1)

Common Traits

284

(1)

Personal Dispositions

285

(2)

A Contemporary Trait Approach: The Big Five

287

(10)

How Was the Big Five Model Developed?

287

(5)

Career Pathways

292

(1)

More Than Five? Fewer Than Five?

292

(2)

Eysenck's Big Three and Related Alternatives

294

(1)

Evidence for Eysenck's Approach

295

(2)

Personality Judgments

297

(4)

Consensus in Personality Judgments

297

(1)

Zero Acquaintance

297

(2)

Limits of Trait Conceptions

299

(2)

Types

301

(1)

Motives

301

(3)

Need for Achievement: n Ach

302

(1)

Need for Affiliation: n Aff

303

(1)

Need for Power: n Power

303

(1)

Measuring Motivation

304

(1)

Need for Exhibition

304

(1)

Expressive Style

304

(6)

Emotional Expressiveness

305

(2)

Dominance, Leadership, Influence

307

(1)

Expressiveness and Health

307

(3)

Skills

310

(2)

Intelligence

310

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

312

(3)

Humanistic and Existential Aspects of Personality

315

(36)

Existentialism

317

(2)

Alternatives to Positivism

317

(1)

The Phenomenological View

318

(1)

Humanism

319

(3)

Giving a Role to the Human Spirit

319

(1)

Relations with Other People Define Our Humanness

320

(1)

The Human Potential Movement

321

(1)

Love as a Central Focus of Life: Erich Fromm

322

(3)

Loving as an Art

322

(1)

Dialectical Humanism: Transcending Conflict

323

(1)

Evidence Supporting Fromm's Approach? The Age of Anxiety?

324

(1)

Responsibility: Carl Rogers

325

(3)

Rogers's Background

325

(1)

Growth, Inner Control, and the Experiencing Person

325

(1)

Rogerian Therapy

326

(1)

Becoming One's Self

327

(1)

Implications of Humanism for World Peace

328

(1)

Anxiety and Dread

328

(4)

Anxiety, Threat, and Powerlessness: Rollo May

329

(1)

Personal Choice: Victor Frankl

330

(1)

Is There Free Will?

331

(1)

Self-Actualization: Abraham Maslow

332

(8)

Early Ideas about Self-Actualization in Jung's Work

332

(1)

Peak Experiences

332

(3)

The Internal Push for Self-Actualization

335

(1)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

335

(2)

Measuring Self-Actualization

337

(3)

Happiness and Positive Psychology

340

(4)

Positive Psychology

341

(2)

The American Paradox

343

(1)

Further Evaluation of Existential-Humanistic Approaches

344

(4)

Summary and Conclusion

348

(3)

Person--Situation Interactionist Aspects of Personality

351

(34)

Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Psychiatry

352

(3)

Interpersonal Psychiatry Contrasted with Psychoanalytic Theory

353

(1)

Personality as a Pattern of Interpersonal Interactions

354

(1)

Motivation and Goals: Henry A. Murray

355

(4)

The Personological System

356

(1)

Thema

357

(1)

The Narrative Approach: Murray's Influence

358

(1)

Other Influences on Murray's Approach

359

(1)

Modern Interactionist Approaches Begin: Walter Mischel

359

(5)

Mischel's Critique

360

(2)

Mischel's Theory

362

(1)

Attributions

363

(1)

Validity

364

(1)

The Power of Situations

364

(7)

Trait Relevance

365

(1)

The ``Personality'' of Situations

366

(1)

Consistency Averaged across Situations

367

(1)

Personal versus Social Situations

368

(2)

Seeking and Creating Situations

370

(1)

Time: The Importance of Longitudinal Study

371

(6)

The Life Course Approach

372

(3)

Readiness

375

(2)

Interactions, Emotions, and Development

377

(5)

Circumplex Model

377

(2)

Ego Development

379

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

382

(3)

Part III Applications to Individual Differences

Male--Female Differences

385

(34)

Do Males and Females Differ?

386

(4)

A Brief History of Gender Difference in Personality

390

(1)

Evidence from Ancient Civilizations

390

(1)

Nineteenth-Century Views

390

(1)

Biological Influences on Gender Differences

391

(5)

Sex Hormones in Normal Prenatal Development

391

(1)

The Effects of Prenatal Sex Hormones on Gender Behavior

391

(3)

The Influence of Hormones during and after Puberty

394

(2)

Gender Differences in Personality from the Eight Perspectives

396

(19)

The Psychoanalytic Approach

396

(1)

The Neo-Analytic Approaches

397

(2)

Biological/Evolutionary Approaches

399

(3)

The Behaviorist Approach: Social Learning

402

(1)

The Cognitive Approach: Gender Schema Theory

402

(2)

Trait Approaches to Masculinity and Femininity

404

(6)

Humanistic Approaches

410

(1)

Interactionist Approaches: Social and Interpersonal Characteristics

410

(5)

Cross-Cultural Studies of Gender Differences

415

(1)

Love and Sexual Behavior

415

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

417

(2)

Stress, Adjustment, and Health Differences

419

(32)

Disease-Prone Personalities

421

(9)

Health Behaviors

421

(3)

The Sick Role

424

(1)

Disease-Caused Personality Changes

425

(1)

Personality Disorders

425

(1)

Diathesis-Stress

426

(4)

Personality and Coronary-Proneness

430

(4)

The Type A Behavior Pattern

431

(1)

Choleric Struggle

431

(1)

Giving Up

432

(1)

Other Diseases

433

(1)

The Human Termites

434

(6)

Conscientiousness

435

(1)

Sociability

436

(1)

Cheerfulness

437

(1)

Stressed Termites

437

(2)

Mental Health

439

(1)

Blaming the Victim

440

(1)

The Self-Healing Personality

441

(3)

Control, Commitment, and Challenge

442

(1)

Trust and Devotion

442

(2)

The Influence of Humanistic and Existential Aspects on Understanding Self-Healing

444

(4)

Growth Orientation

445

(1)

Identity and Purpose

445

(2)

Sense of Coherence

447

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

448

(3)

Culture and Ethnicity: Processes and Differences

451

(36)

Group Influence

452

(1)

Cultural Effects

453

(1)

History of Research on Personality and Culture

453

(5)

Contributions from Cultural Anthropology

454

(2)

Lewin's Laboratory Experiments on Political Culture

456

(1)

Emic versus Etic Approaches

457

(1)

Collectivist versus Individualistic

458

(1)

Errors of Scientific Inference: The Case of Race

459

(4)

Race as a Flawed Approach to Grouping People

460

(1)

The American Dilemma

461

(2)

Socioeconomic Influences on Personality

463

(2)

Karl Marx and Alienation

464

(1)

Language as a Cultural Influence

465

(6)

Language and Identity: Idiolects and Dialects

465

(1)

Creating a Culture through Shared Language: The Deaf Community

466

(1)

Language as Politics: The ``English Only'' Movement

467

(1)

Language and Thought

467

(1)

Bilingualism: Two Personalities?

468

(1)

Language and Social Interaction

469

(1)

Gender and Language

470

(1)

Culture and Testing

471

(5)

Culture-Free and Culture-Fair Tests

472

(2)

Stereotype Threat

474

(2)

A More General Model of Personality and Culture

476

(5)

Incorporating Culture into Personality Theory

477

(1)

Culture and Humanity

477

(2)

Culture and Theory

479

(2)

Some Current Research Developments

481

(3)

The Situation May Elicit Cultural Differences

482

(1)

Ethnic Socialization

483

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

484

(3)

Love and Hate

487

(32)

The Personality of Hate

489

(15)

Biological Explanations of Hate

491

(2)

Psychoanalytic Approaches to Hate

493

(1)

Neo-Analytic Views of Hate

494

(3)

Hate and Authoritarianism: Erich Fromm

497

(1)

The Humanistic Perspective on Hate

498

(1)

Hatred as a Trait

499

(1)

Cognitive Approaches to Hate

500

(1)

Learning Theory: Hate as Learned Behavior

501

(1)

Cultural Differences in Hatred

502

(2)

Evaluation: Hate

504

(1)

The Personality of Love

505

(9)

Evolutionary/Ethological Explanations of Love

506

(2)

Psychoanalytic Explanations for Love

508

(1)

Neo-Analytic Explanations for Love

508

(1)

Cognitive Approaches to Love

509

(1)

Humanistic/Existential Perspectives on Love

510

(2)

Cultural Differences in Love

512

(1)

The Trait and Interactionist Approaches: Loneliness

513

(1)

Love Gone Wrong: Violent or Risky Sexual Behavior

514

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

516

(3)

Part IV Conclusion and Outlook for the Future

Where Will We Find Personality?

519

(12)

The Brave New World of Personality

520

(5)

Designer Personalities

520

(2)

A Utopian World versus Abuse of Reward and Punishment

522

(1)

Genetic Superhumans

523

(1)

Can I Change My Personality?

524

(1)

The Eight Perspectives Revisited

525

(5)

Is There One Correct Perspective?

525

(3)

Are There Exactly Eight Perspectives?

528

(1)

Can the Perspectives Be Merged?

528

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

530

(1)

Glossary

531

(18)

References

549

(42)

Name Index

591

(10)

Subject Index

601

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

9780205439652

0205439659

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

Personality: Classic Theories And Modern Research

9780205439652

0205439659

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Related Products