Oslei Paes de Almeida is Professor in the Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Jose Vicente Bagan is Professor of Oral Medicine at Valencia University, Department of Stomatology, University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain.

Pedro Diz Dios is Senior Lecturer in Special Needs Dentistry and Head of Special Needs Dentistry Section within the School of Medicine and Dentistry at Santiago de Compostela University, Spain. Additionally he is Honorary Visiting Professor at UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College of London (UK).

Adalberto Mosqueda Taylor is Professor of Oral Pathology and Medicine at the Health Care Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, and Honorary Professor at the National Institute of Cancerology in Mexico City.

1 Examination of extraoral tissues.

Head and neck.

Cranial nerves.

Limbs.

2 Examination of mouth, jaws, temporomandibular region and salivary glands.

Mouth.

Jaws.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Salivary glands.

3 Investigations: Histopathology.

Mucosal biopsy.

Brush biopsy.

Labial salivary gland biopsy.

4 Investigations: Microbiology.

5 Investigations: Imaging.

6 Investigations: Blood tests.

Referring a patient for specialist opinion.

7 Anatomical variants and developmental anomalies.

Fordyce spots ("Fordyce granules").

Fissured tongue (scrotal or plicated tongue).

Stafne cyst or bone cavity.

Torus palatinus.

Torus mandibularis.

Varicosities.

8 Blisters.

Angina bullosa hemorrhagica (localized oral purpura; traumatic oral hemophlyctenosis).

9 Blisters, infections: Herpes simplex virus.

Herpes simplex.

Recurrent herpes labialis.

Recurrent intraoral herpes.

10 Blisters infections: Varicella zoster virus.

Chickenpox (varicella).

Zoster (shingles).

11 Blisters, skin diseases: Pemphigus.

Pemphigus.

12 Blisters, skin diseases: Pemphigoid.

13 Pigmented lesions.

Superficial discoloration.

Hairy tongue (black hairy tongue; lingua villosa nigra).

14 Pigmented lesions: Ethnic pigmentation and tattoos.

Ethnic pigmentation.

Foreign body tattoos.

15 Pigmented lesions: Melanotic macule.

16 Pigmented lesions: Nevus and others.

Adenocorticotrophic hormone effects (ACTH).

17 Pigmented lesions: Malignant melanoma.

18 Red and purple lesions.

Purpura.

19 Red and purple lesions: Desquamative gingivitis, mucositis.

Desquamative gingivitis.

Mucositis.

20 Red and purple lesions: Erythematous candidosis.

Acute candidosis.

Chronic candidosis.

Denture-related stomatitis (denture sore mouth; chronic atrophic candidosis).

Angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis; perleche).

Median rhomboid glossitis (central papillary atrophy of the tongue).

21 Red and purple lesions: Angiomas.

Hemangioma.

Venous lake (venous varix; senile hemangioma of lip).

Lymphangioma.

22 Red and purple lesions: Proliferative vascular lesions, Kaposi sarcoma.

Proliferative vascular lesions.

Kaposi sarcoma.

23 Red and purple lesions: Erythroplakia.

Erythroplakia (erythroplasia).

24 Red and purple lesions: Erythema migrans (lingual erythema migrans; benign migratory glossitis; geographical tongue; continental tongue).

25 Swellings: Hereditary conditions, drug-induced swellings.

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF).

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency (hereditary angioedema).

Drug-induced gingival swelling.

26 Swellings: Infections, human papilloma virus.

Papilloma.

Warts (verrucae).

Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease).

Koilocytic dysplasia.

HPV and oral cancer.

27 Swellings: Granulomatous conditions.

Sarcoidosis.

Crohn disease and orofacial granulomatosis.

28 Swellings: Reactive lesions.

Denture-induced hyperplasia (epulis fissuratum).

Fibroepithelial polyp (fibrous lump).

Fibroma.

Giant cell epulis (peripheral giant cell granuloma).

Pyogenic granuloma.

29 Swellings: Malignant neoplasms, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

30 Swellings: Malignant neoplasms, lymphoma, metastatic neoplasms.

Lymphomas.

Metastatic oral neoplasms.

31 Ulcers and erosions: Local causes, drug-induced ulcers.

Local causes.

Eosinophilic ulcer (traumatic eosinophilic granuloma; traumatic ulcerative granulomatous disease).

Drug-induced ulcers (stomatitis medicamentosa).

32 Ulcers and erosions: Aphthae.

33 Ulcers and erosions: Aphthous-like ulcers.

Behçet syndrome (BS, Behçet disease).

34 Ulcers and erosions: Blood diseases, gastrointestinal disorders.

Blood diseases.

Leukemias.

Gastrointestinal disorders.

Celiac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy).

35 Ulcers and erosions: Infections.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFM; vesicular stomatitis with exanthem).

Herpangina.

Bacterial infections.

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (Vincent disease; acute ulcerative gingivitis, AUG, ANG, ANUG).

Syphilis.

Gonorrhea.

Tuberculosis.

36 Ulcers and erosions: Erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Erythema multiforme.

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, Lyell syndrome) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).

37 White lesions: Candidosis (candidiasis).

Acute pseudomembranous candidosis.

Chronic hyperplastic candidosis (Candidal leukoplakia).

Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (CMC).

38 White lesions: Keratosis, leukoplakia.

Tobacco-related keratosis.

Leukoplakia.

39 White lesions: Hairy leukoplakia, lichen planus.

Hairy leukoplakia.

Lichen planus (LP) and lichenoid reactions.

40 Salivary conditions: Salivary swelling and salivary excess.

Salivary swelling.

Saliva excess (sialorrhea, hypersialia, hypersalivation, ptyalism) and drooling.

41 Salivary conditions: Dry mouth.

42 Salivary conditions: Sjögren syndrome.

43 Salivary conditions: Sialolithiasis, sialadenitis.

Sialolithiasis.

Sialadenitis.

Sialadenitis: Acute viral (mumps).

Sialadenitis: Acute bacterial ascending.

Sialadenitis: Chronic bacterial.

Sialadenitis: Recurrent parotitis of childhood.

44 Salivary conditions: Neoplasms.

Benign neoplasms (adenomas).

Malignant neoplasms.

45 Salivary conditions: Mucoceles, sialosis.

Mucoceles (mucous cyst; mucus extravasation phenomenon; myxoid cyst).

Sialosis (sialadenosis).

46 Neck swelling.

Discrete swellings in the neck.

Cervical lymphadenopathy.

Unexplained lymphadenopathy.

Diffuse swelling of the neck.

47 Neck swelling: Cervical lymphadenopathy in generalized lymphadenopathy.

Systemic infections.

Inflammatory disorders (not known to be infective).

Neoplastic causes.

Drugs.

Others.

48 Neurological conditions: Bell palsy, and trigeminal sensory loss.

Bell palsy.

Trigeminal sensory loss.

49 Neurological conditions and pain: Local, referred and vascular.

Local causes of orofacial pain.

Referred causes of orofacial pain.

Vascular causes of orofacial pain.

50 Neurological conditions and pain: Trigeminal neuralgia.

Trigeminal neuralgia.

51 Neurological conditions and pain: Psychogenic (idiopathic facial pain, idiopathic odontalgia and burning mouth syndrome (oral dysesthesia)).

Persistent idiopathic, or unexplained (atypical) facial pain (IFP).

Burning mouth “syndrome” (BMS, glossopyrosis, glossodynia, oral dysesthesia, scalded mouth syndrome, or stomatodynia).

52 Jaw conditions: Temporomandibular pain-dysfunction.

Temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome (TMPD), myofascial pain dysfunction (MFD), facial arthromyalgia (FAM), mandibular dysfunction, or mandibular stress syndrome.

53 Jaw bone conditions: Radiolucencies and radiopacities.

Radiolucencies.

Radiopacities.

Mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesions.

54 Jaw bone conditions: Odontogenic diseases and cysts.

Odontogenic infections.

Odontogenic cysts.

55 Jaw bone conditions: Odontogenic tumors.

Benign odontogenic tumors.

Malignant odontogenic tumors.

56 Jaw conditions: Bone disorders.

Non-neoplastic diseases.

Neoplastic disorders.

57 Jaw bone conditions: Fibro-osseous lesions.

Osseous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD), periapical cemental or cemento-osseous dysplasia (PCD).

Cherubism.

Fibrous dysplasia.

Hypercementosis.

Ossifying fibroma (cemento-ossifying fibroma).

Paget disease of bone.

58 Maxillary sinus conditions.

Rhinosinusitis (sinusitis).

Neoplasms.

59 Oral malodor.

60 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS.

Index.

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