Incorporating state-of-the-art understanding of nanoscale aspects of advanced energy storage devices--such as Lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors--this account focuses on issues relating to device performance of various positive and negative electrode materials. Notable authorities in the field provide comprehensive coverage of nanostructured materials, and discuss fundamentals and processing techniques with regard to synthesis, characterization, physical and electrochemical properties. Covering a variety of advanced nanomaterials--including transition metal oxides, phosphates, silicates, and conversion electrodes, together with some special nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and mesoporous carbons--this study compliments the balanced theoretical and experimental approach adopted in this field in recent years.