Silicon, a highly abundant, scalable, processable, cost effective, biocompatible and non-toxic material, is presently the basic material used in almost all microelectronic devices. Recent research has pointed to the potentially revolutionary utilization of nanostructured silicon in a much broader field. Silicon has now been considered for use in chemical and biological sensors, fluidic field-effect transistors and flow monitors, computer memories, high-capacity lithium ion battery anodes, photocatalysts, solar cells, biocompatible implantable medical devices and medical theranostics. This work explores the current science and future technology of silicon in its various nanoscale forms. The book provides chemists, materials researchers and device professionals with detailed analysis of the interdisciplinary field, with particular emphasis on the emergent 'hot topic' areas of energy and biological applications Detailed and expansive coverage of recent developments in the nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes and porous silicon Expansive energy focus covers potential silicon-based thermoelectric applications, anode materials in Li ion, batteries, and silicon materials for solar energy generation, meeting the surge of interest in using nanoscale structures for energy Discussion of current nanosilicon technological applications points to game-changing future applications for research professionals