9780130467171

Updated to reflect the latest technological advances in statistical tools, this solid text presents ideas and concepts more clearly for students who have little or no background in statistics. The Tenth Edition retains all the elements and style that educators nationwide have come to expectclear prose, excellent problems and precise presentation of mathematics involvedwhile eliminating some of the computational drudgery. The seamless integration of technology gives professors multiple teaching options.The volume outlines all aspects of summarizing data, possibilities and probabilities, rules of probability, expectations and decisions, distribution, sampling, problems of estimation, tests of hypotheses, analysis of variance, regression, correlation and nonparametric tests.For Statistics professionals and others using elementary statistics.

Preface

xi

Introduction

1

(11)

The Growth of Modern Statistics

2

(1)

The Study of Statistics

3

(1)

Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Inference

4

(3)

The Nature of Statistical Data

7

(3)

Checklist of Key Terms

10

(1)

References

10

(2)

Summarizing Data: Listing and Grouping

12

(33)

Listing Numerical Data

13

(3)

Stem-and-Leaf Displays

16

(5)

Frequency Distribution

21

(9)

Graphical Presentations

30

(6)

Summarizing Two-Variable Data

36

(7)

Checklist of Key Terms

43

(1)

References

43

(2)

Summarizing Data: Measures of Location

45

(30)

Populations and Samples

46

(1)

The Mean

47

(4)

The Weighted Mean

51

(5)

The Median

56

(3)

Other Fractiles

59

(3)

The Mode

62

(4)

The Description of Grouped Data

66

(6)

Technical Note (Summations)

72

(2)

Checklist of Key Terms

74

(1)

References

74

(1)

Summarizing Data: Measures of Variation

75

(26)

The Range

76

(1)

The Standard Deviation and the Variance

77

(3)

Applications of the Standard Deviation

80

(7)

The Description of Grouped Data

87

(1)

Some Further Descriptions

88

(6)

Checklist of Key Terms

94

(1)

References

94

(7)

Review Exercises for Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4

95

(6)

Possibilities and Probabilities

101

(25)

Counting

102

(3)

Permutations

105

(3)

Combinations

108

(8)

Probability

116

(8)

Checklist of Key Terms

124

(1)

References

124

(2)

Some Rules of Probability

126

(34)

Sample Spaces and Events

127

(7)

The Postulates of Probability

134

(3)

Probabilities and Odds

137

(4)

Addition Rules

141

(6)

Conditional Probability

147

(2)

Multiplication Rules

149

(5)

Bayes' Theorem

154

(5)

Checklist of Key Terms

159

(1)

References

159

(1)

Expectations and Decisions

160

(19)

Mathematical Expectation

161

(5)

Decision Making

166

(3)

Statistical Decision Problems

169

(3)

Checklist of Key Terms

172

(1)

References

172

(7)

Review Exercises for Chapters 5, 6, & 7

173

(6)

Probability Distributions

179

(29)

Random Variables

180

(1)

Probability Distributions

181

(2)

The Binomial Distribution

183

(8)

The Hypergeometric Distribution

191

(4)

The Poisson Distribution

195

(4)

The Multinomial Distribution

199

(1)

The Mean of a Probability Distribution

200

(3)

The Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution

203

(4)

Checklist of Key Terms

207

(1)

References

207

(1)

The Normal Distribution

208

(25)

Continuous Distributions

209

(3)

The Normal Distribution

212

(9)

A Check for Normality

221

(2)

Applications of the Normal Distribution

223

(3)

The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

226

(5)

Checklist of Key Terms

231

(1)

References

231

(2)

Sampling and Sampling Distributions

233

(33)

Random Sampling

234

(6)

Sample Designs

240

(1)

Systematic Sampling

241

(1)

Stratified Sampling

241

(2)

Cluster Sampling

243

(3)

Sampling Distributions

246

(3)

The Standard Error of the Mean

249

(3)

The Central Limit Theorem

252

(1)

Some Further Considerations

253

(4)

Technical Note (Simulation)

257

(1)

Checklist of Key Terms

258

(1)

References

259

(7)

Review Exercises for Chapters 8, 9, & 10

260

(6)

Problems of Estimation

266

(25)

The Estimation of Means

267

(5)

The Estimation of Means (σ unknown)

272

(6)

The Estimation of Standard Deviations

278

(5)

The Estimation of Proportions

283

(6)

Checklist of Key Terms

289

(1)

References

289

(2)

Tests of Hypotheses: Means

291

(31)

Tests of Hypotheses

292

(5)

Significance Tests

297

(7)

Tests Concerning Means

304

(4)

Tests Concerning Means (σ unknown)

308

(4)

Differences Between Means

312

(3)

Differences Between Means (σ's unknown)

315

(2)

Differences Between Means (Paired data)

317

(3)

Checklist of Key Terms

320

(1)

References

321

(1)

Tests of Hypotheses: Standard Deviations

322

(9)

Tests Concerning Standard Deviations

323

(3)

Tests Concerning Two Standard Deviations

326

(4)

Checklist of Key Terms

330

(1)

References

330

(1)

Tests of Hypotheses Based on Count Data

331

(32)

Tests Concerning Proportions

332

(1)

Tests Concerning Proportions (Large Samples)

333

(1)

Differences between Proportions

334

(4)

The Analysis of an r x c Table

338

(12)

Goodness of Fit

350

(5)

Checklist of Key Terms

355

(1)

References

356

(7)

Review Exercises for Chapters 11, 12, 13, & 14

357

(6)

Analysis of Variance

363

(38)

Differences Among k Means: An Example

364

(4)

The Design of Experiments: Randomization

368

(1)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

369

(7)

Multiple Comparisons

376

(5)

The Design of Experiments: Blocking

381

(2)

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

383

(1)

Two-Way Analysis of Variance without Interaction

383

(4)

The Design of Experiments: Replication

387

(1)

Two-Way Analysis of Variance with Interaction

388

(4)

The Design of Experiments: Further Considerations

392

(7)

Checklist of Key Terms

399

(1)

References

399

(2)

Regression

401

(34)

Curve Fitting

402

(2)

The Method of Least Squares

404

(10)

Regression Analysis

414

(8)

Multiple Regression

422

(4)

Nonlinear Regression

426

(8)

Checklist of Key Terms

434

(1)

References

434

(1)

Correlation

435

(20)

The Coefficient of Correlation

436

(6)

The Interpretation of r

442

(4)

Correlation Analysis

446

(4)

Multiple and Partial Correlation

450

(3)

Checklist of Key Terms

453

(1)

References

454

(1)

Nonparametric Tests

455

(42)

The Sign Test

456

(2)

The Sign Test (Large Samples)

458

(4)

The Signed-Rank Test

462

(3)

The Signed-Rank Test (Large Samples)

465

(4)

The U Test

469

(4)

The U Test (Large Samples)

473

(1)

The H Test

474

(4)

Tests of Randomness: Runs

478

(1)

Tests of Randomness: Runs (Large Samples)

479

(1)

Tests of Randomness: Runs Above and Below the Median

480

(3)

Rank Correlation

483

(3)

Some Further Considerations

486

(1)

Summary

487

(1)

Checklist of Key Terms

487

(1)

References

488

(9)

Review Exercises for Chapters 15, 16, 17, & 18

489

(8)

Statistical Tables

497

(26)

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

523

(16)

Index

539

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

This edition of Modern Elementary Statistics, like all the preceding editions, is keynoted by the statement that "In general, statistical methods are nothing but a refinement of everyday thinking." These words paraphrase the statement made by the prominent scientist Albert Einstein that "the whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." Many changes to the introductory statistics course have been advocated in recent years, consisting of more emphasis on data analysis utilizing real data and decreasing the level of mathematical rigor, particularly in the area of probability. Our views have remained basically unchanged and we present this new edition with the belief that this is an appropriate introduction to statistics that should be taught as a vital part of one's general education. It is difficult to deny the importance of emphasizing the analysis of real data, but it is more important to recommend that it be interesting real data. A classical example of the former, often used in the past, consists of the number of deaths resulting from the kick of a horse per year per army corps of the Prussian army! Such data fit the conditions for so-called Poisson data (see Section 8.5). EXERCISES Many of the more than 1200 exercises are new or updated from previous editions. Of course, the reader is not expected to work each one, but there is an adequate variety to provide exercise material for just about everyone, regardless of his or her primary area of interest. Among the new exercises in this edition, there are essentially two kinds. First, there is the conceptual kind that makes one think rather than devote one's time to tedious arithmetic. Such exercises are easy to spot because they are marked with an icon, based on Rodin's famous statue "The Thinker." The second kind serves to check whether a set of data satisfies the conditions required by a particular statistical procedure. COMPUTER PRINTOUTS The purpose of the computer printouts and the graphing calculator reproductions is to make the reader aware of some of the most popular and some of the most up-to-date technologies that are available for work in statistics. All the computer printouts from the tenth edition are replaced by new ones generated by MINITAB. The reproductions from the display screen of a TI-83 graphing calculator were first transferred to a computer with the use of a TI-GRAPH LINK and then printed with the use of the computer. With one exception, neither computers nor graphing calculators are required for the use of our book. Indeed, the book can be used effectively by readers who do not possess or have easy access to computers and statistical software or to a graphing calculator. The one exception is Section 9.3, the check for normality. Some of the exercises are labeled with a special icon for the use of a computer and/or the icon for the use of a graphing calculator, but this is optional.

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Modern Elementary Statistics

Modern Elementary Statistics

0130467170

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Excerpts