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Mineralogy

by: Perkins, Dexter

Mineralogy

by: Perkins, Dexter

ISBN 13:
9780130620996
ISBN 10:
0130620998
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2002
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

This learner-oriented text is written in a casual, jargon-free style to present a modern introduction to mineralogy. It emphasizes real-world applications and an "outside-in approach" as well as the history and human side of mineralogy.Chapter topics include elements and minerals; crystallization and classification of minerals; mineral properties: hand specimen mineralogy; optical mineralogy; igneous rocks and silicate minerals; sedimentary minerals and sedimentary rocks; metamorphic minerals and metamorphic rocks; ore deposits and economic minerals; crystal morphology and symmetry; crystallography; units cells, points, lines, and planes; x-ray diffraction; atomic structure; and descriptions of minerals.For individuals interested in the science of mineralogy, and how minerals impact everyday life.

Preface

PART I: MINERAL PROPERTIES AND OCCURRENCES

(172)

Elements and Minerals

(23)

Minerals

(1)

The Importance of Minerals

(1)

Box 1.1 The Amoco Building, Chicago

(1)

Elements: The Basic Building Blocks

(3)

Historical Views of Elements and Matter

(1)

Modern Views of Elements and Matter: A Review of Basic Chemistry

(1)

Grouping of Elements and the Periodic Chart

(2)

Atoms and Elements

(2)

The Bohr Model

(1)

Modifications to the Bohr Model

(1)

Ions

(1)

The Modern Periodic Table

(3)

Periods

(2)

Groups

(1)

Atomic Number and Mass

(1)

Box 1.2 What Is a Mole of Quartz?

(1)

Bonding in Minerals

(3)

Box 1.3 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Crystals

(2)

Origin of the Elements and the Earth

(1)

Hubble's Contributions

(1)

In the Beginning

(1)

The Formation of Our Solar System

(1)

Abundant Elements and Minerals

(3)

Goldschmidt's Classification

(1)

Abundance of Elements

(1)

Anionic Complexes

(2)

Box 1.4 Chemical Formulas o f Minerals

(1)

Major Elements, Minor Elements, and Trace Elements

(3)

Box 1.5 How To Normalize a Mineral Analysis

(2)

Questions for Thought

(1)

Resources

(1)

General References

(1)

Crystallization and Classification of Minerals

(19)

Crystals and Crystallization

(3)

Box 2.1 Pegmatites Contain the Largest Crystals

(1)

Crystal Imperfections: Defects

(1)

Crystal Imperfections: Compositional Zoning

(1)

Crystal Imperfections: Twinning

(1)

Igneous Minerals

(2)

Box 2.2 Making Glass from Minerals

(1)

Minerals That Precipitate from Aqueous Solutions

(1)

Metamorphic and Diagenetic Minerals

(1)

Common Rocks and Minerals

(1)

Life Spans of Minerals

(1)

The Laws of Thermodynamics

(1)

Box 2.3 Scientific Laws, Theories, and Hypotheses

(1)

Classification of Minerals

(2)

A Classified List of Minerals

(3)

Box 2.4 Plotting Mineral Compositions

(2)

Questions for Thought

(1)

Resources

(2)

Mineral Properties: Hand Specimen Mineralogy

(18)

Identification of Minerals

(1)

Mineral Appearance

(2)

Luster

(1)

Diaphaneity

(1)

Color

(1)

Streak

(1)

Luminescence

(1)

Play of Colors

(1)

Crystal Shape

(2)

Box 3.1 What's Wrong With This Picture?

(1)

Strength and Breaking of Minerals

(7)

Tenacity

(2)

Box 3.2 Asbestiform Minerals and Health Risks

(1)

Fracture, Cleavage, and Parting

(2)

Hardness

(1)

Box 3.3 Hard and Soft Minerals

(1)

Density and Specific Gravity

(2)

Magnetism of Minerals

(1)

Electrical Properties

(1)

Box 3.4 What Is a Pycnometer?

(1)

Reaction to Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

(1)

Other Properties

(1)

Questions for Thought

(1)

Resources

(2)

Optical Mineralogy

(25)

What Is Light?

(3)

The Properties of Light

(1)

Box 4.1 Optical Classification of Minerals

(1)

Interference

(2)

Polarization of Light and the Polarizing Microscope

(3)

Polarized Light

(1)

Polarizing Microscopes

(2)

Box 4.2 Identifying Minerals with a Polarizing Microscope

(1)

Colors in Plane Polarized (PP) Light and Crossed Polarized (XP) Light

(1)

The Velocity of Light in Crystals and the Refractive Index

(3)

Snell's Law and Light Refraction

(1)

Relief and Becke Lines

(1)

Interaction of Light and Crystals

(10)

Double Refraction

(2)

Crystals Between Crossed Polars

(1)

Interference Colors

(1)

Uniaxial and Biaxial Minerals

(3)

Box 4.3 Determining the Extinction Angle and the Sign of Elongation

(2)

Accessory Plates and the Sign of Elongation

(1)

Uniaxial Interference Figures

(1)

Biaxial Interference Figures

(1)

Box 4.4 Obtaining an Interference Figure

(1)

Box 4.5 Determining the Optic Sign of a Uniaxial Mineral

(1)

Other Mineral Characteristics in Thin Sections

(4)

Cleavage

(1)

Twinning

(1)

Box 4.6 The Four Kinds of Oriented Biaxial Interference Figures

(2)

Box 4.7 Determining Sign and 2V from a Bxa Figure

(1)

Box 4.8 Determining Sign and 2V from an Optic Axis Figure

(1)

Questions for Thought

(1)

Resources

(1)

Igneous Rocks and Silicate Minerals

(29)

Magmas and Igneous Rocks

(1)

Compositions of Igneous Rocks

(1)

Mafic and Silicic Magmas

(1)

Volatiles

(1)

Box 5.1 Compositions of Magmas Producing Igneous Rocks (oxide wt. %)

(1)

Crystallization of Magmas

(3)

Equilibrium Between Crystals and Melt

(1)

Bowen's Reaction Series

(2)

Disequilibrium

(1)

Silicate Minerals

(17)

SiO2 Polymorphs

(2)

Box 5.2 Experimental Petrology and Phase Diagrams

(1)

Feldspar Group

(1)

Box 5.3 How to Use Triangular Diagrams

(2)

Box 5.4 Miscibility Gaps

(1)

Box 5.5 The Plagioclase Phase Diagram and Fractional Crystallization

100

(2)

Feldspathoid Group

102

(1)

Mica Group

102

(1)

Chain Silicates

102

(1)

Pyroxene Group

103

(3)

Amphibole Group

106

(1)

Box 5.6 Diopside-Enstatite Solvus and Geothermometry

107

(2)

Olivine Group

109

(1)

Other Minerals in Igneous Rocks

109

(1)

The Naming of Igneous Rocks

110

(1)

Simple Classification Scheme

110

(1)

Mineral Modes

110

(1)

Common Types of Igneous Rock

110

(5)

Silicic Igneous Rocks (>20% Quartz)

110

(2)

Intermediate and Mafic Igneous Rocks (0-20% Quartz)

112

(2)

Ultramafic Igneous Rocks

114

(1)

Box 5.7 Minerals from the Moon

115

(1)

Questions for Thought

115

(1)

Resources

116

(1)

Sedimentary Minerals and Sedimentary Rocks

117

(16)

Weathering

118

(2)

Transportation, Deposition, and Lithification

120

(1)

Sedimentary Minerals

120

(7)

Silicates

120

(1)

Clay Minerals

120

(1)

Box 6.1 Zeolites

121

(2)

Carbonate Minerals

123

(1)

Box 6.2 Clays Used in Industry, Arts, and Ceramics

123

(1)

Box 6.3 Lime Kilns, Mortar, and Cement

123

(1)

Sulfate Minerals

124

(2)

Halides

126

(1)

Chert

126

(1)

Common Sedimentary Rocks

127

(4)

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

127

(1)

Box 6.4 Gypsum: Ingredient of Plaster and Sheetrock

128

(1)

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

128

(1)

Box 6.5 Disposal of Radioactive Waste in Salt Domes

129

(1)

Box 6.6 Did the Mediterranean Sea Repeatedly Dry up in the Past?

130

(1)

Other Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

130

(1)

Box 6.7 Iron Formation

131

(1)

Diagenesis

131

(1)

Box 6.8 Laterites and Bauxites

131

(1)

Questions for Thought

132

(1)

Resources

132

(1)

Metamorphic Minerals and Metamorphic Rocks

133

(22)

The Causes of Metamorphism

133

(3)

Box 7.1 Extremes of Metamorphism

135

(1)

Metamorphic Textures

136

(1)

Metamorphic Minerals

137

(1)

Metamorphic Facies

138

(2)

Some Common Types of Metamorphic Rock

140

(5)

Metamorphosed Pelitic Rocks (Metapelites)

140

(2)

Metamorphosed Psammitic Rocks (Metapsammites)

142

(1)

Metamorphosed Mafic Rocks (Metabasites)

142

(1)

Metamorphosed Limestones and Dolostones (Marbles)

142

(2)

Metamorphosed Ultramafic Rocks and Iron Formations

144

(1)

Metamorphosed Granitic Rocks

144

(1)

High-Pressure Rocks

145

(1)

Metamorphic Reactions

145

(1)

Equilibrium

146

(2)

Box 7.2 Examples of Metamorphic Reactions

146

(1)

Box 7.3 Thermodynamic Laws and Definitions

147

(1)

Metamorphic Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule

148

(1)

The Thermodynamics of Reactions

149

(4)

The Gibbs Free Energy

149

(2)

Changes in Gibbs Energy With Pressure and Temperature

151

(1)

Box 7.4 Using Phase Diagrams To Interpret Rocks

152

(1)

Questions for Thought

153

(1)

Resources

154

(1)

Ore Deposits and Economic Minerals

155

(18)

Mineral Use and Profitability

155

(2)

Types of Ore Deposits

157

(3)

Magmatic Ore Deposits

158

(1)

Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

158

(1)

Box 8.1 Strategic Minerals and Metals

159

(1)

Sedimentary Ore Deposits

160

(1)

Ore Minerals

160

(7)

Native Elements: Metals, Semimetals, and Nonmetals

162

(2)

Box 8.2 The Witwatersrand Gold Deposits

164

(1)

Sulfides and Sulfosalts

164

(1)

Oxides and Hydroxides

165

(1)

Box 8.3 Another Look at the Phase Rule and Cu-Fe Sulfide Minerals

166

(1)

Gems and Gem Minerals

167

(4)

Synthetic Gems and Color Alteration

167

(1)

Box 8.4 The World's Major Diamond Producers

168

(2)

Cutting and Polishing Gems

170

(1)

Box 8.5 Mining, the Environment, and Politics

171

(1)

Questions for Thought

171

(1)

Resources

172

(1)

PART II: SYMMETRY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

173

(122)

Crystal Morphology and Symmetry

175

(31)

Symmetry

175

(5)

Mirror Planes

175

(2)

Rotational Symmetry

177

(1)

Inversion Centers

178

(2)

Symmetry Is a Property

180

(1)

Stereo Diagrams

180

(7)

Symmetry on Stereo Diagrams

180

(1)

Special Points and General Points

181

(1)

Rotoinversion

182

(2)

Combinations of Symmetry Elements: Point Groups

184

(1)

Special Angles and General Angles

185

(2)

Forms and Crystal Morphology

187

(8)

Forms

187

(1)

Box 9.1 Proper Rotation Axes and Stereo Diagrams

188

(2)

Box 9.2 Rotation Axes With Perpendicular Mirror Planes

190

(1)

Box 9.3 Rotoinversion and Stereo Diagrams

191

(1)

Combinations of Forms

192

(2)

Box 9.4 Names of the Most Important Forms

194

(1)

Plotting Crystal Faces on a Stereo Diagram

195

(3)

Box 9.5 Plotting Crystal Faces on a Stereo Diagram

196

(2)

Point Groups and Crystal Systems

198

(7)

Box 9.6 Hermann-Mauguin Symbols

203

(2)

Questions for Thought

205

(2100)

Resources

205

(1)

Crystallography

206

(31)

Observations in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

206

(2)

Unit Cells and Lattices in Two Dimensions

208

(7)

Shapes of Unit Cells in Two Dimensions

208

(2)

Motifs and Lattices

210

(2)

Box 10.1 Choices of a Unit Cell

212

(3)

Symmetry of the Motif and the Lattice

215

(1)

Unit Cells and Lattices in Three Dimensions

215

(6)

What Shapes Are Possible?

215

(1)

Box 10.2 Lattices and Vectors in Two Dimensions

216

(2)

Cells With Extra Lattice Points

218

(2)

Box 10.3 vectors and Space Lattices

220

(1)

Bravais Lattices

221

(1)

Unit Cell Symmetry and Crystal Symmetry

222

(3)

Point Groups and Crystal Systems

225

(4)

Symmetry of Three-Dimensional Crystal Structures

229

(3)

Space Group Operators

229

(1)

Screw Axes

229

(1)

Glide Planes

230

(1)

Space Groups

230

(2)

Crystal Habit and Crystal Faces

232

(4)

Box 10.4 Why Are There Only 230 Space Groups?

233

(3)

Questions for Thought

236

(1)

Resources

236

(1)

Unit Cells, Points, Lines, and Planes

237

(14)

Unit Cell Parameters and Crystallographic Axes

237

(3)

The Composition of Unit Cells

240

(1)

Points in Unit Cells

240

(2)

Lines and Directions in Crystals

242

(1)

Planes in Crystals

242

(3)

Miller Indices

244

(1)

Crystal Forms and the Miller Index

245

(5)

General Forms and Special Forms

246

(1)

Box 11.1 The Miller Indices of Planes Within a Crystal Structure

246

(1)

Zones and Zone Axes

247

(2)

Box 11.2 Comparison of a Hexoctahedron With Other Forms in the Cubic System

249

(1)

Questions for Thought

250

(1)

Resources

250

(1)

X-ray Diffraction

251

(20)

What Are X-Rays?

252

(1)

Box 12.1 X-ray Tube

253

(1)

Interactions of X-Rays and Atoms

253

(1)

Interference of X-ray Waves

254

(1)

Diffraction by a Row of Atoms

254

(2)

Planes of Atoms

256

(3)

The Distance Between Planes in Crystals

256

(1)

Diffraction by Planes of Atoms

256

(2)

Box 12.2 Cell Parameters and d-values

258

(1)

Intensity of Diffraction

259

(1)

Diffraction at Different Angles

259

(1)

Extinctions

260

(1)

Single Crystal Diffraction

260

(3)

Routine X-ray Analyses

263

(6)

Powder Diffraction

263

(2)

Identifying Minerals from Powder Patterns

265

(2)

Box 12.3 Example of Data from Powder Diffraction File Data Set

267

(1)

Box 12.4 Identification of Minerals from X-ray Patterns the Old Way

268

(1)

Indexing Patterns and Determining Cell Parameters

268

(1)

Box 12.5 Indexing a Garnet Pattern and Determining a

269

(1)

Questions for Thought

269

(1)

Resources

270

(1)

Atomic Structure

271

(24)

The Impact of X-ray Crystallography

271

(1)

Ionic Crystals

271

(1)

Ionic Radii

272

(2)

Coordination Number

274

(1)

Closest Packing

274

(3)

Packing in Two Dimensions

274

(1)

Packing in Three Dimensions

275

(1)

Exceptions to Closest Packing

275

(2)

Pauling's Rules

277

(5)

Pauling's Rule 1

277

(1)

Box 13.1 Why Are They Called Hexagonal Closest Packed (HCP) and Cubic Closest Packed (CCP)?

278

(1)

Box 13.2 Pauling's Rules

279

(1)

Box 13.3 Who Was Linus Pauling?

280

(1)

Pauling's Rule 2

281

(1)

Pauling's Rule 3

282

(1)

Pauling's Rule 4

282

(1)

Pauling's Rule 5

282

(1)

Oxygen and Other Common Elements

282

(2)

Silicate Structures in General

284

(2)

Elemental Substitutions in Silicates

286

(1)

Structures of the Basic Silicate Subclasses

287

(4)

Framework Silicates

287

(1)

Sheet Silicates

288

(1)

Chain Silicates

288

(1)

Ring Silicates

289

(1)

Paired Tetrahedral Silicates

289

(1)

Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates

290

(1)

Structures and Chemistry of Nonsilicates

291

(2)

Questions for Thought

293

(1)

Resources

293

(2)

PART III: MINERAL DESCRIPTIONS

295

(106)

Descriptions of Minerals

297

(104)

Framework Silicates

298

(14)

Sheet Silicates

312

(9)

Chain Silicates

321

(10)

Ring Silicates

331

(1)

Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates

332

(12)

Paired Tetrahedral Silicates

344

(2)

Native Elements

346

(4)

Sulfides

350

(11)

Halides

361

(3)

Oxides

364

(8)

Hydroxides

372

(4)

Carbonates and Nitrates

376

(8)

Borates

384

(3)

Sulfates

387

(4)

Tungstates, Molybdates, and Chromates

391

(2)

Phosphates, Vanadates, and Arsenates

393

(8)

Appendix A: Classified List of Minerals

401

(5)

Appendix B: Mineral Identification Tables

406

(25)

Appendix C: Minerals Separated by Optic System and Sign, and Ordered by Index of Refraction

431

(5)

Appendix D: Minerals Ordered by Birefringence and Interference Colors in Thin Section

436

(4)

Appendix E: Minerals Ordered by Hardness

440

(4)

Appendix F: Minerals Ordered by Specific Gravity

444

(4)

Glossary

448

(16)

Mineral Index and List of Mineral Properties

464

(9)

Subject Index

473

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Mineralogy

Mineralogy

9780130620996

0130620998

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Excerpts

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Mineralogy

Mineralogy

9780130620996

0130620998

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Excerpts

Write a Review

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