This edited volume surveys critical aspects of modern military health care in the US and various other Western countries with troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. The book covers health care issues prior to deployment, such as screening for mental health, evaluating long-term consequences of exposure to military service, and provision of insurance; care during a conflict, primarily battlefield clinics, battlefield trauma care, and evacuation procedures; and post- combat care, including serious war injuries, psychiatric, and long-term care. The authors focus mainly on newly emergent care and new diagnoses, focusing on new issues like Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Operation Enduring Freedom (in Afghanistan) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) are the first major engagements since Vietnam that have necessitated a great number of troops on the ground. However, these current conflicts mark a shift away from conventional war to a new form of warfare. This new form has translated into specific injuries and unique concerns, with the signature conditions of these wars being TBI and PTSD. In addition, these are the first engagements to result in substantial numbers of females in the theatre of war, which also has implications for health care.. The book has two major themes: (1) the stages of care in military medicine, pre-deployment, deployment, and post deployment; and (2) addressing how military health care is different now (from Vietnam, for example). The objective to provide a source of information on military medicine that cuts across the various stages, institutions, and issues, and gives an up-to-date description of the various components. A secondary aim is to enhance understanding of other Western nations that have large military medical establishments. This book will be of great interest to students of public health, military sociology, the Iraq war, US public policy, and war and conflict studies in general.