India's capitalist transformation has been spatially uneven. This multi-disciplinary edited collection introduces a new agenda involving interrelated processes at multiple scales. Combining several analytical approaches, the contributors identify socio-spatial regularities – some contiguous with state boundaries, some transcending states and some contained within them - while providing evidence about the spatial unevenness of India's capitalist development. The contributions develop wide-ranging themes and concepts: agrarian structures and agro-ecological regions, labour and markets, caste and gender, consumption, urban governance and access to urban space, the dynamics of knowledge production and of political mobilization. By doing so, the authors generate a new 'geography', making a major contribution to debates on capitalist development in contemporary India.