The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology since 1985. The CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 100 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 30 training modules through its Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SAChE) series. CCPS is supported by the contributions and voluntary participation of more than 200 companies globally.

Table of Contents v

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xiii

Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii

Glossary xxiii

Acknowledgments xxix

Preface xxxiii

Part 1: Introduction, Background, and History of Cybersecurity 1

1 Purpose of this Book 1

1.1 Target Audience 6

1.2 What is Cybersecurity? 6

1.3 What is Operational Technology (OT)? 10

1.4 Which industries have OT? 13

1.5 Scope 15

1.6 Organization of the Book 17

2 Types of Cyber-Attacks, Who Engages in Them and Why 19

2.1 Types of Cyber-Attacks 19

2.2 Who Commits Cybercrimes and Their Motives 26

2.3 Summary 30

3 Types of Risk Receptors / Targets 33

3.1 What is Cybersecurity Risk 35

3.2 What are Common Cybersecurity Targets? 38

3.3 Types of Cybersecurity Consequences 43

3.4 Summary 45

4 Threat Sources and Types of Attacks 47

4.1 Non-Targeted Attacks 49

4.2 Targeted Attacks 53

4.3 Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) 58

4.4 Summary 62

5 Who Could Create a Cyber Risk? Insider vs Outsider Threats 65

5.1 Insider Cybersecurity Risk 65

5.2 Outsider Cybersecurity Risk 69

5.3 Summary 71

6 Case Histories 73

6.1 Maroochy Shire 73

6.2 Stuxnet 77

6.3 German Steel Mill 81

6.4 Ukrainian Power Grid 84

6.5 NotPetya 91

6.6 Triton 95

6.7 Düsseldorf Hospital Ransomware 99

6.8 SolarWinds 101

6.9 Florida Water System 105

6.10 Colonial Pipeline Ransomware 107

6.11 Summary 110

Part 2: Integrating Cybersecurity Management into the Process Safety Framework 113

7 General Model for Understanding Cybersecurity Risk 113

7.1 Cybersecurity Lifecycle 113

7.2 Integrated Cybersecurity and Safety Lifecycle 121

7.3 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 129

7.4 Summary 138

8 Designing a Secure Industrial Automation and Control System 141

8.1 The Disconnect between IT and OT Risk Management 141

8.2 Inherently Safer vs Inherently More Secure 146

8.3 Defense-in-Depth 149

8.4 Network Segmentation 153

8.5 System Hardening 173

8.6 Security Monitoring 176

8.7 Risk Compatibility Assessment 180

8.8 Summary 182

9 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) 183

9.1 Use of Process Safety Tools to Identify and Manage Cybersecurity Risk 185

9.2 Qualitative Methods 187

9.3 Quantitative Methods 217

9.4 How to Prioritize Risk Reduction Measures? 231

9.5 Revalidation/Reassessment 232

9.6 Summary 233

10 Manage the Risk 235

10.1 Management Approach 235

10.2 Initial Steps 236

10.3 Cybersecurity Culture 240

10.4 Compliance with Standards 242

10.5 Cybersecurity Competency 246

10.6 Workforce Involvement 248

10.7 Stakeholder Outreach 251

10.8 Process Knowledge Management 252

10.9 Operating Procedures 256

10.10 Safe Work Practices 259

10.11 Management of Change 262

10.12 Asset Integrity and Reliability 266

10.13 Contractor Management 272

10.14 Training and Performance Assurance 275

10.15 Operational Readiness 278

10.16 Conduct of Operations 281

10.17 Emergency Management 285

10.18 Incident Investigation 290

10.19 Measurements and Metrics 295

10.20 Auditing 300

10.21 Management Review and Continuous Improvement 304

10.22 Summary 307

11 Implementing a Holistic Approach to Safety and Cybersecurity 311

11.1 Cybersecurity Management Systems (CSMS) 312

11.2 Integrating CSMS with Process Safety Management 327

11.3 Summary 334

Part 3: Where Do We Go from Here? 337

12 What’s Next? A Look at Future Development Opportunities 337

12.1 Cybersecurity Adoption Trends 338

12.2 Emerging Technologies 350

12.3 Summary 353

13 Available Resources 355

13.1 Local, Regional, and Global Topics 355

13.2 Cybersecurity Incident Repositories 362

13.3 Competency Requirements and Training Availability 363

13.4 Administration vs Accountability Functions 368

13.5 Summary 370

Appendix A Excerpt from NIST Cybersecurity Framework 371

Appendix B Detailed Cybersecurity PHA and LOPA Example 377

B.1 System Basis 377

B.2 Initial Risk Assessment 382

B.3 Detailed Risk Assessment (Cyber PHA/HAZOP) 387

B.4 LOPA/ Semi-Quantitative SL Verification 405

Appendix C Example Cybersecurity Metrics 411

Appendix D Cybersecurity Sample Audit Question List 413

Appendix E Management System Review Examples 419

References 421

Index 437

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