What Is Composing? 2

What Is Rhetoric? 3

Rhetoric and a Process for Composing 4

Academic Writing 5

Writing in the Humanities 6

Writing in the Sciences 8

Writing in the Social Sciences 9

Understanding an Assignment 10

PART 2 FINDING IDEAS

A Research Process 12

Finding a Topic 13

Narrowing a Topic 14

Questions to Guide Research 16

Kinds of Sources 18

Kinds of Research 19

Determining Where to Research 20

Choosing Sources 22

Print 24

Webpages and Other Online Sources 26

Finding Sources Online 28

Using Library Catalogs 29

Using Library Journal Databases 30

Keeping Track of Sources 32

Evaluating Sources for Relevance 34

Evaluating Sources for Credibility 36

Starting a Paper 40

PART 3 ANALYZING IDEAS, GETTING ORGANIZED

What Is Analysis? 42

Analyzing to Understand 43

Identifying Rhetorical Strategies 44

Analyzing Thesis Statements 46

A Sample Rhetorical Analysis 48

Analyzing to Ask Questions 50

Questions for Critical Reading 51

Questions for Critical Writing 52

What Counts as Evidence 53

Using Analysis to Develop a Thesis Statement 55

Using a Thesis Statement to Organize an Academic Paper 56

Reasoning 58

PART 4 DRAFTING A PAPER, CONNECTING WITH AUDIENCES

Understanding Your Audience 60

Developing a Statement of Purpose 62

Shaping Paragraphs for Audience and Purpose 64

Unified and Coherent Paragraphs 65

Paragraphs That Develop 68

Writing a Draft 71

A Rough Draft 72

Once You’ve Finished a Draft 78

Receiving Feedback to a Draft 79

Responding to the Writing of Your Peers 80

PART 5 REVISING WITH STYLE

Revising Your Writing 82

Developing a Revision Plan 83

Styling Paragraphs 84

Concluding Paragraphs 85

Introductory Paragraphs 86

Transitions Between Paragraphs 87

Passive Voice 88

Styling Sentences 89

Academic Sentences 89

Sentences That Are Easy to Read 90

Parallelism 91

Using Coordination and Subordination 92

Using Inclusive Language 94

Styling Words 96

Action Verbs 97

Concrete Nouns 97

Clichés 98

Too Many Words 98

Jargon 98

PART 6 DOCUMENTING

Why Cite and Document Sources? 100

Plagiarism—and How to Avoid It 100

Citing and Documenting 101

Quoting Others’ Words 102

Summarizing and Paraphrasing 104

Collecting Citation Information 106

From Printed Books 106

From Printed Periodicals 108

From Webpages 110

From an Article You Find in a Database of Journals 112

MLA DOCUMENTATION 114

Guide to MLA Documentation Models 114

A Paper in MLA Format 116

A Works Cited Page in MLA Format 124

MLA Documentation for In-Text Citations 126

Variations on the MLA In-Text Citation Pattern 127

MLA Documentation for Works Cited 130

PATTERN: MLA Works Cited for Periodicals in Print 132

PATTERN: MLA Works Cited for Articles from Online Scholarly Journals and Databases 134

PATTERN: MLA Works Cited for Webpages 136

PATTERN: MLA Works Cited for Books 138

MLA Works Cited 140

Author’s Name 140

Titles 142

Periodical Volume, Issue, Number, and Date 146

Page Numbers for Periodical Articles 147

Place of Publication 148

Year of Publication 149

Website Titles 150

Additional Information 152

For Other Kinds of Texts 153

APA DOCUMENTATION 157

Guide to APA Documentation Models 157

Pages from a Paper in APA Format 158

A Reference List Page in APA Format 162

APA Documentation for In-text Citations 164

In-Text Citations in APA Style 165

Variations on the APA Pattern for In-text Citations 166

APA Documentation for Reference List Entries 168

PATTERN: APA References for Periodical Sources 170

PATTERN: APA References for Nonperiodical Sources 172

APA References 174

Author’s Name 174

Date of Publication 176

Place of Publication 177

Titles 178

Additional Information 180

Periodical Volume and Issue 181

For Online Texts 182

For Other Kinds of Sources 184

CSE DOCUMENTATION 186

Guide to CSE Documentation Models 186

CSE References 186

Details of the Patterns 187

CSE List of References 188

CSE In-text Citations 188

CSE Sample References 189

CMS DOCUMENTATION 191

Guide to CMS Documentation Models 191

CMS In-text Citations and Footnotes 191

Subsequent Note Entries 191

Bibliography 192

CMS Sample References 192

PART 7 EDITING AND PROOFREADING YOUR WORK

Editing and Proofreading 196

Subject-Verb Agreement 198

Shifts in Verb Tenses 202

Verbs in Academic Writing 204

Shifts in Grammatical Forms 206

Sentence Fragments 208

Run-on Sentences 212

Pronoun Reference and Agreement 214

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 216

The Difference Between Noun Possessives and Plurals 218

Using Articles Conventionally 220

Grammar 222

Nouns 223

Pronouns 224

Adjectives 226

Articles 227

Verbs 228

Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 230

Adverbs 231

Prepositions 232

Conjunctions 234

Building Sentences 238

Sentence Functions and Patterns 239

Simple Sentences 240

Subjects and Predicates 242

Independent Clauses 245

Compound Sentences 246

Complex Sentences 248

Compound-Complex Sentences 251

Punctuation 252

Commas 253

When Not to Use Commas 270

Colons 272

Semicolons 274

Ellipses 275

Parentheses 276

Dashes 278

Brackets 279

Hyphens 280

Slashes 281

Quotation Marks 282

Apostrophes 288

Periods 290

Question Marks 292

Exclamation Points 293

Mechanics 294

Using Italics and Underlining 294

Spelling 295

Capitalizing Words 296

Numbers 297

Abbreviations 298

Glossary 300

Credits 306

Index 307

Revision Symbols 316

Detailed Contents Back Cover

Revision Checklist Back Cover

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