Cheryl E. Martin

Cheryl E. Martin has taught Latin-American history at the University of Texas at El Paso since 1978. A native of Buffalo, New York, she received her bachelor’s degree from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Tulane University. She studied at the Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador, on a Fulbright Fellowship and was a visiting instructor at the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Mexico. Her publications include Rural Society in Colonial Morelos (1985) and Governance and Society in Colonial Mexico: Chihuahua in the Eighteenth Century (1996). She also co-edited, with William Beezley and William E. French, Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico (1994). Martin has served on the Council of the American Historical Association and on the editorial boards of the Hispanic American Historical Review, The Americas, the Latin American Research Review and H. Borderlands. She has received two fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and Awards for Distinguished Achievement in both teaching and research at the University of Texas at El Paso. She enjoys reading and travel and is the proud grandmother of Mackenzie and Zachary.

Mark Wasserman

Mark Wasserman is a professor of history at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, where he has taught since 1978. Brought up in Marblehead, Massachusetts, he earned his B.A. at Duke University and his M.A. and Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. He is the author of three books on Mexico: Capitalists, Caciques, and Revolution: The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854—1911(1984), Persistent Oligarchs: Elites and Politics in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1910—1940 (1993) and Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War (2000). He also coauthored the early editions of the best-selling History of Latin America (1980—88) with Benjamin Keen. Wasserman has twice won the Arthur P. Whitaker Prize for his books and has received research fellowships from the Tinker Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies/Social Science Research Council, the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment of the Humanities. He has been vice-chair for undergraduate education of the Rutgers department of history and chair of the department’s Teaching Effectiveness Committee.Wasserman was an elected member of the Highland Park, New Jersey Board of Education for nearly a decade and served as its president for two years. He is an avid fan of Duke basketball and enjoys hiking and travel.

CHAPTER 8 THE NEW NATIONS OF LATIN AMERICA 
Spanish America and the Crisis of 1808 
Spain and the Napoleonic Invasion 
Representative Government in Spain and America, 1808—1814 
The “American Question” 
Spanish American Grievances and the Crisis of 1808 
Mexico 
Venezuela 
Argentina 
Spanish American Independence 
The Final Campaigns 
Regional Conflicts in the Spanish American Struggle for Independence 
The Independence of Brazil 
The Portuguese Monarchy in Brazil 
Popular Unrest in Brazil 
The Culmination of Brazilian Independence 
The Meaning of Independence 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Were the wars of independence the turning point? 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Manuela Sáenz, 1797-1856, liberator of South America
SLICE OF LIFE The 16th of September: independence day in Mexico 

CHAPTER 9 REGIONALISM, WAR, AND RECONSTRUCTION: POLITICS AND ECONOMICS, 821—1880 
Dilemmas of Nationhood 
Who Governs and What Form of Government? 
Federalism/Centralism and Liberalism/Conservatism 
The Challenge of Regionalism 
Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, and Central America 
Brazil and Chile 
A Century of War 
Wars of Political Consolidation 
Intra-Regional Wars 
Foreign Wars 
Civil Wars 
The Impact of War 
Popular Participation 
Caudillos 
The Challenge of Economic Recovery 
Obstacles to Development 
Export Economies 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Benito Juárez: The Making of a Myth 
LATIN AMERICAN Lives  Francisco Solano López
SLICE OF LIFE The Parián Riot: Mexico City, 1828 

 
CHAPTER 10 EVERYDAY LIFE IN AN UNCERTAIN AGE, 1821—1880 
The People 
The Large Estates: Haciendas, Estancias, Plantations, Fazendas 
Work Life 
Domestic Life 
Plantations and Slavery 
Villages and Small Holders 
Religion 
Urban Life and Societal Transformation 
The Cities 
Transformations 
Food, Clothing, Shelter, and Entertainment 
Food 
Clothing 
Shelter 
Entertainment 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND The Construction of Racism
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES The Gaucho 
SLICE OF LIFE Urban Slaves 

CHAPTER 11 ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS, 1880—1920 
Economic Modernization 
Exports 
The Downside of Export-Led Modernization 
Railroads 
Modernization and Social Change 
Population Increase 
New Classes, New Voices 
Rural Discontent 
Mass Movements of People 
Politics in the Age of Modernization 
A Modernized Military 
The Rule of the Ranchers and Planters: Argentina and Brazil 
Democracy in Chile 
The Aristocratic Republic: Peru 
Dictatorship: Mexico 
Modernization and Resistance 
Indigenous Peoples 
Resistance in the Countryside 
The Mexican Revolution 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Why Do People Rebel? 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Evaristo Madero
SLICE OF LIFE A Chilean Mining Camp 

CHAPTER 12 BETWEEN REVOLUTIONS: THE NEW POLITICS OF CLASS AND THE ECONOMIES OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1920—1959 
Three Crises and the Beginnings of Intensified Government Involvement in the Economy, 1920—1945 
The Aftermath of World War I 
The Great Depression 
World War II
Peacetime Economies 
Dictators and Populists 
The 1920s 
Depression and War 
Peacetime Politics 
Failure of the Left and Right 
Women’s Suffrage 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Reconstructing the Semana Trágica (Tragic Week) in Argentine History 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Elvia and Felipe Carrillo Puerto 
SLICE OF LIFE Colombian Coffee Farm in 1925 

CHAPTER 13 PEOPLE AND PROGRESS, 1910—1959
Socialization in the Factory and the Mine: Proletarianization and Patriarchy 
A Miner’s Day at El Teniente 
Urbanization and Social Change 
The Cities 
Life on the Edge: The Middle Class 
La Chica Moderna  
Popular and High Culture 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND The Voice of the Lower Classes 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Frida Kahlo 
SLICE OF LIFE Village Life in Peru 

CHAPTER 14 REVOLUTION, REACTION, DEMOCRACY, AND THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY, 1959 TO THE PRESENT 
The Revolutions: Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru, and Colombia  
Cuba 
Nicaragua 
El Salvador 
Guatemala 
Peru 
Colombia 
The Tyrannies: Brazil, Argentina, and Chile 
Brazil 
Argentina 
Chile  
The Exception: Mexico 
Resurgent Democracy and the “Pink Tide” 
The Struggle for Control of Everyday Life 
Indigenous Political Movements
The New Global Economy 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Theories of Economic Development and History 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES  An Argentine Military Officer 
SLICE OF LIFE On the Streets of Neuvo Laredo 

CHAPTER 15 EVERYDAY LIFE: 1959 TO THE PRESENT 
The Reign of Terror 
The Quality of Life 
What Does It Mean to Be Poor? 
Informal Economy 
Narcotics Trade
The Great Migrations 
The Cities 
To Be Poor in the Cities 
An Urban Migrant’s Story 
The Environment  
Natural Disasters
The Globalization of Culture 
Art 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND From the Countryside to the City 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Women Rebels 
SLICE OF LIFE The Barrio/Favela 

Glossary
Credits
Index

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