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Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach

by: Bynum, Jack E.; Thompson, William E.

Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach

by: Bynum, Jack E.; Thompson, William E.

ISBN 13:
9780205321773
ISBN 10:
0205321771
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2002
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

Taking a sociological approach, this text discusses delinquency as it relates to and emerges from the youth's family, neighborhood, school, peer group, social class, and overall cultural and social environment. The authors incorporate contributions from psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other specialists who have sought to understand, explain, control, and prevent juvenile delinquency.

Preface

xix

PART I Conformity, Deviance, and Juvenile Delinquency

(90)

Introduction: The Sociological Perspective and Focus on Juvenile Delinquency

(4)

Juvenile Delinquency: The Act, Actor, and the Audience

(21)

Reading Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

What Is Juvenile Delinquency?

(9)

What Is a Juvenile?

(2)

What Is Delinquency?

(2)

The Legal Definition

(2)

Status Offenses

(1)

Problems with the Legal Definition

(1)

The Role Definition

(1)

Controversial Issue: ``Child or Adult?''

(6)

Problems with the Role Definition

(1)

The Societal Response Definition

(1)

Problems with the Societal Response Definition

(1)

A Synthesized Definition of Delinquency

(1)

Summary

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: The Cultural and Legal Definitions of ``Child'' and ``Juvenile Offender'' in Other Nations

(2)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

(1)

References

(2)

A Sociological Overview: Society, Norms, Conformity and Deviant Behavior

(26)

Reading Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Sociological Perspective

(1)

The Social Nature of Humans

(4)

The Social Imperative

(2)

Social Interaction

(1)

Social Interdependence

(1)

Social Organization

(1)

Norms

(1)

Sources of Norms

(1)

Social Consensus

(1)

Social Conflict

(1)

Folkways and Mores

(2)

Folkways

(1)

Normative Behavior: Conformity

(2)

Deviant Behavior: Nonconformity

(2)

Negative Aspects of Deviance

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Conformity, Deviance, and Delinquency among Native Americans

(2)

Positive Aspects of Deviance

(3)

Juvenile Delinquency

(2)

Summary

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

(1)

Concept Application: ``Deviance or Conformity?''

(1)

References

(2)

The Dimensions of the Delinquency Problem

(39)

Reading Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Juvenile Delinquency Data

(2)

Validity and Reliability

(1)

Validity

(1)

Reliability

(1)

Official Sources of Delinquency Information

(14)

FBI Uniform Crime Reports

(3)

Juvenile Arrests for Specific Offenses

(1)

Status Offenses

(1)

Male and Female Involvement in Juvenile Delinquency

(3)

The Racial and Ethnic Factor in Juvenile Delinquency

(2)

Place of Residence and Arrest Statistics

(1)

Juvenile Court Statistics

(1)

Methodology

(1)

Findings

(3)

The Composite Delinquent Profile: Typical or Stereotypical?

(2)

Limitations of Official Delinquency Data

(1)

Arrest Statistics

(1)

Juvenile Court Statistics

(1)

Unofficial Sources of Delinquency Information

(2)

Self-Report Studies

(2)

Concept Application: ``Undetected and Unreported Delinquency: The Missing Statistics''

(6)

Victimization Surveys

(2)

Controversial Issue: Juvenile Violence: Guns and the U.S. Constitution

(2)

The Magnitude and Trends of Juvenile Delinquency

(2)

Addendum: A Balanced Perspective on Youth

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Juvenile Delinquency in Russia

(2)

Summary

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

(1)

References

(4)

PART II Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

(138)

Introduction: Theory and the Etiology of Juvenile Delinquency

(4)

Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency

(27)

Reading Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Link between Biology and Behavior: Myths and Folklore

(1)

The Classical School of Criminological Thought

(1)

Deterrence Theory

(1)

The Positive School of Criminology

(2)

Twentieth-Century Constitutional Typologies

100

(1)

The Continuing Search for the Biological Connection

101

(1)

Concept Application: ``An Ugly Girl''

102

(8)

Gender

103

(2)

Race and Ethnicity

105

(1)

Age

106

(1)

Maturation Theory

107

(1)

Genetic Crime Causation: The XYY Hypothesis

108

(1)

Diet and Deviant Behavior

109

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: The Study of Twins and Adopted Children in Scandinavia

110

(4)

Brain Malfunctions

112

(2)

Sociobiological Explanations

114

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

115

(1)

Controversial Issue: Heredity Versus Environment in Deviant and Delinquent Behavior

116

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

117

(1)

References

118

(4)

Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency

122

(34)

Reading Objectives

122

(1)

Introduction

122

(2)

The Psychogenic Approach

124

(1)

The Discovery of the Unconscious

125

(1)

The Formation of Personality

126

(1)

Freudian Theory as an Explanation of Crime and Delinquency

126

(1)

Psychoanalysis

127

(1)

Projective Tests

127

(3)

The Rorschach Ink-blot Test

128

(1)

Projective Tests and Homicidal Children

128

(2)

Delinquent Acts as Symptoms

130

(2)

Conduct Disorders

131

(1)

Other Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency

132

(1)

Early Theories of Feeblemindedness

132

(1)

Controversial Issue: The Debate Over Television Violence, Childhood Personality Development, and Criminal Behavior

133

(10)

Neurological Abnormalities

135

(2)

The Flawed Personality

137

(1)

The Psychopath/Sociopath

138

(1)

Distinctive Patterns of Criminal Thinking

139

(1)

Adolescent Identity Crisis

139

(2)

Insufficient Moral Development

141

(2)

A Psychological Typology of Delinquency

143

(5)

Impulsive Delinquency

144

(1)

The Unsocialized Aggressive Child

144

(1)

The Self-Centered Indulgent Delinquent

144

(1)

The Psychopath

145

(1)

The Sexual Pervert

145

(1)

Neurotic Delinquency

145

(1)

The Inadequate Delinquent

146

(1)

The Crystallized Delinquent

146

(1)

Symptomatic Delinquency

146

(1)

The Kleptomaniac

146

(1)

The Pyromaniac

147

(1)

The Sexual Delinquent

147

(1)

Criticisms and Limitations of the Psychogenic Approach

148

(1)

Critique of Theoretical Assumptions and Concepts

148

(1)

Critique of Research Methodology

148

(1)

Concept Application: The Psychological and Social Impacts on Victims of Crime and Delinquency

149

(2)

Critique of Psychogenic Applications to Crime and Delinquency

150

(1)

Summary

151

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

152

(1)

References

152

(4)

Sociological Explanations of Delinquency: Social Strain and Cultural Transmission Theories

156

(25)

Reading Objectives

156

(1)

Introduction

156

(1)

Theory

157

(1)

Social Strain Theories

158

(9)

Durkheim's Concept of Anomie

159

(1)

Merton's Theory of Anomie

159

(2)

Cohen's ``Delinquent Boys''

161

(1)

Cloward and Ohlin's ``Delinquency and Opportunity''

162

(2)

Contributions of Social Strain Theories

164

(1)

Criticisms and Limitations of Social Strain Theories

165

(2)

Cultural Transmission Theories

167

(1)

Sellin's Theory of Culture Conflict

167

(1)

Controversial Issue: Social Structure as a Proposed Cause of Urban Crime hood and Delinquency

168

(9)

Burgess' Concentric Zone Theory

169

(3)

Shaw and MeKay's ``High Delinquency Areas''

172

(1)

Miller's Focus on Lower Class Culture

172

(2)

Contributions of Cultural Transmission Theories

174

(1)

Criticisms and Limitations of Cultural Transmission Theories

175

(2)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

177

(1)

Concept Application: ``Searching for Causal Explanations of Contemporary School Shootings''

178

(1)

References

179

(2)

Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Social Learning and Social Control Theories

181

(24)

Reading Objectives

181

(1)

Introduction

181

(2)

Social Learning Theories

183

(5)

Sutherland and Cressey's Theory of Differential Association

183

(1)

Glaser's Concept of Differential Identification

184

(2)

Akers' Theory of Differential Reinforcement

186

(1)

Contributions of Social Learning Theories

186

(1)

Criticisms and Limitations of Social Learning Theories

187

(1)

Concept Application: ``Going into the Automobile Business''

188

(2)

Social Control Theories

190

(7)

Victims Reckless' Containment Theory

192

(1)

Sykes and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization

193

(2)

Hirschi's Social Bond Theory

195

(1)

Contributions of Social Control Theories

196

(1)

Controversial Issue: Religiosity and Juvenile Delinquency

197

(4)

Criticisms and Limitations of Social Control Theories

200

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Criminality Among the Children of Immigrants in Western Europe

201

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

202

(1)

References

202

(3)

Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Labeling and Radical Theories

205

(24)

Reading Objectives

205

(1)

Introduction

205

(1)

Labeling Theories

206

(8)

Early Contributions to Labeling Theory

207

(1)

Tannenbaum's Concept of ``Tagging''

208

(1)

Lemert's Primary and Secondary Deviance

208

(1)

Becker's Developmental Career Model

209

(1)

Contributions of Labeling Theory

210

(2)

Criticisms and Limitations of Labeling Theory

212

(2)

Concept Application: Juvenile Delinquency as Creative Short-Term Hedonism: ``Crime Is Fun!''

214

(1)

Radical Theories

215

(9)

The Marxian Heritage

216

(1)

Quinney's Social Reality of Crime and Delinquency

217

(1)

Greenberg's Focus on Adolescent Frustration

218

(1)

Schwendingers' Instrumental Theory

219

(2)

Contributions of Radical Theories

221

(1)

Criticisms and Limitations of Radical Theories

222

(2)

An Overview of the Sociological Explanations

224

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

224

(1)

Controversial Issue: The Continuing Quest for a General Theory of Juvenile Delinquency

225

(2)

References

227

(2)

PART III Juvenile Delinquency in a Social Context

229

(130)

Introduction: Collective Behavior and Social Groupings

229

(4)

The Family and Juvenile Delinquency

233

(26)

Reading Objectives

233

(1)

Introduction

233

(1)

The Changing Role of the Family

233

(2)

Increasing Importance of the Nuclear Family and the Creation of ``Adolescence''

235

(1)

The Family as an Agent of Socialization

236

(1)

Working Mothers and Juvenile Delinquency

237

(2)

Controversial Issue: Latchkey Children: Independence or Neglect

239

(2)

Other Family Variables and Juvenile Delinquency

241

(7)

Social Class

241

(1)

Family Size and Birth Order

242

(2)

Family Interaction

244

(1)

Parental Discipline

245

(3)

Broken Homes and Delinquency

248

(3)

The Family and Delinquency Prevention

251

(1)

Concept Application: The Role of the Family in Preventing Delinquency

252

(1)

Summary

253

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

254

(1)

References

254

(5)

Schools and Delinquency

259

(26)

Reading Objectives

259

(1)

Introduction

259

(1)

The School as an Arena

260

(1)

Schools and the Socialization Process

260

(1)

Juvenile Delinquency and the School Experience

261

(2)

Schools as a ``Screening Device''

263

(2)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Self-Concept and Delinquency Among Chinese School Children

265

(4)

Controversial Issue: Dealing with the Problem of Truancy

269

(2)

Schools as ``Combat Zones''

271

(5)

Vandalism and Destruction

271

(1)

Violence and Personal Attacks

272

(4)

School Safety and ``Zero Tolerance''

276

(1)

School as Bureaucracy

276

(1)

Schools and Delinquency Prevention

277

(2)

Summary

279

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

280

(1)

References

280

(5)

The Youth Subculture

285

(32)

Reading Objectives

285

(1)

Introduction

285

(1)

Culture, Subcultures, and Countercultures

286

(1)

The Creation of a Youth Subculture

286

(2)

Cross-Cultural Focus: A Canadian Youth Subculture

288

(1)

Role of the Youth Subculture

288

(3)

Distinctive Elements of the Youth Subculture

291

(1)

Youth Values

291

(1)

Concept Application: The American Youth Subculture: Youth Values in the 21st Century

292

(7)

Dress, Grooming, and Fads

295

(1)

Mass Media

296

(2)

Language

298

(1)

Controversial Issue: Censoring Rock Music

299

(1)

The Youth Subculture and Juvenile Delinquency

300

(8)

Juvenile Runaways

301

(1)

Juvenile Prostitution

302

(2)

Juveniles and Drugs

304

(2)

Juveniles and Sex

306

(2)

Youth Countercultures and Delinquency

308

(2)

Teenage Satanic Groups

309

(1)

Youth Hate Groups

309

(1)

The Youth Subculture and Delinquency Prevention

310

(1)

Summary

311

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

312

(1)

References

313

(4)

Juvenile Gangs and Delinquent Behavior

317

(42)

Reading Objectives

317

(1)

Introduction

317

(1)

Predatory Youths: A National Alarm

318

(1)

The Solitary Delinquent

318

(2)

Group Delinquency

320

(1)

The Play Group

321

(1)

The Juvenile Gang

322

(3)

What Is a Gang?

322

(2)

History of Youth Gangs

324

(1)

Contemporary Youth Gangs in the United States

325

(3)

Number of Gangs and Members

325

(1)

Locale

326

(2)

The Motives for Gang Membership

328

(2)

Concept Application: Group Shoplifting and ``The Swarm''

330

(2)

Initiation Rituals

331

(1)

Gang Organization

332

(4)

The Near Group

333

(1)

Gang Graffiti, Slanguage and Symbols

334

(2)

Composition of Gang Membership

336

(7)

Social Class

337

(1)

Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs

338

(2)

Female Participation in Delinquent Gangs

340

(3)

Gang Violence

343

(2)

Concept Application: ``The Weapon of Choice: The Dogs of War''

345

(3)

Drug Franchises and Gang Warfare

346

(1)

Gang Rape

347

(1)

Dyads and Triads

348

(1)

Explanatory Theories of Gang Formation and Behavior: A Summary and Synthesis

348

(3)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Urban Youth Gangs in Russia

351

(2)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

353

(1)

References

353

(6)

PART IV Social Control: The Juvenile Justice System

359

(82)

Introduction: Elements of Social Control

359

(2)

Juveniles and the Police

361

(23)

Reading Objectives

361

(1)

Introduction

361

(1)

Juvenile Encounters with Police

362

(1)

Policing Juveniles

363

(3)

Law Enforcement Role

365

(1)

Crime Prevention Role

365

(1)

Police Discretion in Handling Juveniles

366

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Policing Juveniles in Great Britain

367

(8)

Legal Factors

369

(1)

Seriousness of the Offense

369

(1)

Prior Police Contacts

369

(1)

Evidence

370

(1)

Complainant

370

(1)

Extralegal Factors

371

(1)

Age

371

(1)

Sex

372

(1)

Race and Ethnicity

372

(1)

Socioeconomic Status

373

(1)

Appearance, Attitude, and Demeanor of the Juvenile

373

(1)

Willingness of Parents to Cooperate

374

(1)

Characteristics of the Police Officer

374

(1)

Police and Due Process

375

(2)

Police, Community Policing, and Delinquency Prevention

377

(2)

Controversial Issue: Targeting Serious Habitual Offenders: Delinquency Prevention or Police Harassment?

379

(1)

Summary

380

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

381

(1)

References

381

(3)

Juvenile Court

384

(25)

Reading Objectives

384

(1)

Introduction

384

(1)

Historical Background of the Juvenile Court

385

(1)

The Child Savers' Movement

386

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Development of the Juvenile Court in Canada

387

(1)

The Juvenile Court

388

(2)

The Juvenile Court and Due Process

390

(3)

Juvenile Court Procedures

393

(4)

Intake

393

(2)

Adjudication

395

(1)

Disposition

396

(1)

The Role of Attorneys in Juvenile Court

397

(2)

The District Attorney

398

(1)

The Defense Attorney

398

(1)

Controversial Issue: The Use of Attorneys in the Juvenile Court

399

(1)

Criticisms of the Juvenile Court

400

(2)

The Multifaceted Juvenile Court

402

(2)

The Future of the Juvenile Court

404

(2)

Summary

406

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

406

(1)

References

406

(3)

Juvenile Corrections

409

(32)

Reading Objectives

409

(1)

Introduction

409

(1)

Social Control and Deterrence Theory

410

(1)

Voluntary Social Control

410

(1)

Cross-Cultural Focus: The Caning of an American Youth in Singapore: Justice or Abuse?

411

(2)

Informal Social Control

413

(2)

Formal Social Control

415

(5)

Juvenile Probation

416

(1)

Restitution and ``Restorative Justice''

417

(1)

Juvenile Incarceration

417

(3)

Controversial Issue: Institutionalization versus Community Treatment

420

(5)

Juvenile Aftercare

421

(1)

Remanding Juveniles to Adult Courts

422

(1)

Juveniles in Adult Jails and Prisons

423

(1)

Capital Punishment for Juveniles

424

(1)

Controversial Issue: Should Juveniles Be Executed?

425

(2)

Deinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and Diversion

427

(8)

House Arrest

429

(1)

Youth Service Bureaus

430

(1)

Scared Straight!

430

(2)

S.H.A.P E.U.P

432

(1)

Place

432

(1)

VisionQuest

433

(1)

Juvenile Boot Camps

433

(1)

Other Diversion Programs

434

(1)

Evaluation of Deinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and Diversion

435

(1)

Summary

436

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

436

(1)

References

437

(4)

PART V Strategies for Dealing with Juvenile Delinquency

441

(59)

Introduction: Approaching Treatment and Prevention in a Social Context

441

(2)

Treatment and Prevention Strategies

443

(27)

Reading Objectives

443

(1)

Introduction

443

(1)

Treatment Ideology and Delinquency Treatment Programs

444

(1)

Behavior Modification

444

(1)

Controversial Issue: Applying the Medical Model in the Treatment of Delinquency

445

(5)

Transactional Analysis

447

(1)

Reality Therapy

448

(1)

Group and Individual Counseling

449

(1)

Prevention Ideology and Delinquency Prevention Programs

450

(2)

Early Identification

450

(1)

``Pre-Delinquents'' and Early Intervention

450

(2)

Cross-Cultural Focus: Delinquency Prevention in Japan

452

(1)

Sociological Approaches to Delinquency Treatment and Prevention

453

(9)

The Chicago Area Project

454

(1)

The Mid-City Project

455

(1)

Mobilization for Youth

456

(1)

Minnesota Youth Advocate Program

456

(1)

Neighborhood Youth Corps and Job Training

456

(1)

The Highfields Project

457

(1)

The Provo Experiment

458

(1)

Millcreek Youth Correctional Facility

459

(1)

The Paint Creek Youth Center

459

(1)

Project New Pride

459

(1)

Mentoring Programs

460

(1)

Other Programs

460

(2)

Mobilizing the Community to Prevent Delinquency

462

(4)

Crimestoppers and Hotlines

462

(1)

Neighborhood Watch and Youth Crime Watch

463

(1)

Guardian Angels

463

(2)

S.H.O.D.I.

465

(1)

Gang Intervention Programs

465

(1)

Evaluation of Delinquency Treatment and Prevention Strategies

466

(1)

Summary

466

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

467

(1)

References

467

(3)

Rethinking the Delinquency Problem

470

(30)

Reading Objectives

470

(1)

Introduction

470

(7)

The Social Nature of Juvenile Delinquency

477

Eliminating the Marginal Status of Juveniles

473

(6)

Rites of Passage

474

(3)

Meaningful Social Participation

477

(2)

Concept Application: Meaningful Social Participation for Youths

479

(1)

Standardization or Elimination of Juvenile Codes

480

(1)

Decriminalization of Status Offenses

481

(1)

Revision of the Juvenile Court

482

(4)

Limited Jurisdiction

483

(1)

Due Process

484

(1)

Professional Judges and Court Personnel

484

(1)

Dispositional Alternatives

485

(1)

Other Revisions

485

(1)

Modification of Juvenile Corrections

486

(1)

Controversial Issue: Should Juvenile Courts Be Abolished?

487

(3)

Strengthening the Family

490

(1)

Changing the Educational System

491

(2)

Redefining Juvenile Delinquency

493

(3)

Summary

496

(1)

Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

497

(1)

References

497

(3)

Glossary

500

(18)

Name Index

518

(8)

Subject Index

526

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Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach

Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach

9780205321773

0205321771

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach

Juvenile Delinquency : A Sociological Approach

9780205321773

0205321771

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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