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Invitation to Psychology

by: Wade, Carole

Invitation to Psychology

by: Wade, Carole

ISBN 13:
9780321060464
ISBN 10:
0321060466
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 06/01/1999
Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

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Summary

Log onto www.prenhall.com/wade where you will have FREE access to an online and interactive study guide. At this text-specific Companion Website, psychology comes alive with full-color visuals, animations, interactive exercises, Flash Cards, and much more! All designed to help you increase your understanding of Introductory Psychology. Book jacket.

To the Instructor

xiii

To the Student

xxiii

About the Authors

xxv

What is Psychology?

(36)

The Science of Psychology

(4)

Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Common Sense

(1)

The Birth of Modern Psychology

(1)

Psychology's Present

(2)

What Psychologists Do

(4)

Psychological Research

(1)

Psychological Practice

(2)

Psychology in the Community

(1)

Critical and Scientific Thinking in Psychology

(5)

Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts

(5)

Case Studies

(1)

Observational Studies

(1)

Tests

(1)

Surveys

(2)

Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships

(2)

The Experiment: Hunting for Causes

(5)

Experimental Variables

(2)

Experimental and Control Conditions

(1)

Experimenter Effects

(1)

Advantages and Limitations of Experiments

(1)

Evaluating the Findings

(4)

Why Psychologists Use Statistics

(2)

From the Laboratory to the Real World

(1)

Choosing the Best Explanation

(1)

Judging the Result's Importance

(1)

Taking Psychology with You: What Psychology Can Do for You---and What It Can't

(5)

PART ONE YOURSELF

Theories of Personality

(34)

The Elements of Personality

(2)

The Biological Tradition

(5)

Heredity and Temperament

(2)

Heredity and Traits

(1)

Computing Heritability

(1)

How Heritable Are Personality Traits?

(1)

Evaluating Genetic Theories

(1)

The Learning Tradition

(5)

The Behavioral School

(1)

The Cognitive Social-Learning School

(1)

Habits, Beliefs, and Behavior

(1)

Perceptions of Control

(1)

Evaluating Learning Theories

(2)

The Cultural Tradition

(3)

Culture and Personality

(2)

Evaluating Cultural Theories

(1)

The Psychodynamic Tradition

(9)

Freud and Psychoanalysis

(1)

The Structure of Personality

(2)

The Development of Personality

(2)

Two Other Psychodynamic Approaches

(1)

Jungian Theory

(1)

The Object-Relations School

(2)

Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories

(2)

The Humanist Tradition

(4)

The Inner Experience

(2)

Evaluating Humanist Theories

(2)

Taking Psychology with You: How to Avoid the Barnum Effect

(4)

Development over the Life Span

(40)

From Conception to the First Year

(6)

Prenatal Development

(2)

The Infant's World

(1)

Physical Abilities

(1)

Attachment

(3)

Cognitive Development

(8)

The Ability to Think

(1)

Piaget's Cognitive Stages

(1)

Evaluating Piaget

(3)

The Ability to Speak

(3)

Gender Development

(4)

Gender and Biology

(1)

Gender and Learning

(1)

Gender and Cognition

(2)

Moral Development

(5)

Moral Judgments: Reasoning About Morality

(2)

Moral Behavior: Rearing a Moral Child

(3)

Adolescence

(4)

The Physiology of Adolescence

(1)

The Psychology of Adolescence

(2)

Adulthood

101

(6)

The Biological Clock

101

(1)

Menopause and Midlife

101

(1)

The Coming of Age

102

(2)

The Social Clock

104

(1)

Stages and Ages

104

(1)

The Transitions of Life

105

(2)

Taking Psychology with You: Bringing Up Baby

107

(5)

PART TWO YOUR BODY

Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain

112

(36)

The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint

114

(3)

The Central Nervous System

114

(1)

The Peripheral Nervous System

115

(2)

Communication in the Nervous System

117

(8)

The Structure of the Neuron

118

(2)

How Neurons Communicate

120

(2)

Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System

122

(1)

Neurotransmitters: Versatile Couriers

122

(1)

Endorphins: The Brain's Natural Opiates

123

(1)

Hormones: Long-Distance Messengers

124

(1)

Mapping the Brain

125

(3)

A Tour Through the Brain

128

(6)

The Brain Stem

128

(1)

The Cerebellum

129

(1)

The Thalamus

129

(1)

The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland

129

(1)

The Limbic System

129

(1)

The Amygdala

130

(1)

The Hippocampus

130

(1)

The Cerebrum

131

(1)

The Cerebral Cortex

131

(1)

Lobes of the Cortex

132

(2)

The Two Hemispheres of the Brain

134

(4)

Split Brains: A House Divided

134

(2)

A Question of Dominance

136

(2)

Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research

138

(6)

Why Do We Dream?

138

(3)

Are There ``His'' and ``Hers'' Brains?

141

(3)

Taking Psychology with You: Food for Thought: Diet and Neurotransmitters

144

(4)

Sensation and Perception

148

(38)

Our Sensational Senses

150

(5)

The Riddle of Separate Sensations

150

(1)

Measuring the Senses

151

(1)

Absolute Thresholds

151

(1)

Difference Thresholds

151

(2)

Signal-Detection Theory

153

(1)

Sensory Adaptation

153

(1)

Sensory Overload

154

(1)

Vision

155

(12)

What We See

155

(1)

An Eye on the World

156

(2)

Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera

158

(1)

How We See Colors

159

(2)

Constructing the Visual World

161

(1)

Form Perception

161

(1)

Depth and Distance Perception

162

(2)

Visual Constances: When Seeing Is Believing

164

(1)

Visual Illusions: When Seeing Is Misleading

165

(2)

Hearing

167

(3)

What We Hear

167

(1)

An Ear on the World

167

(2)

Constructing the Auditory World

169

(1)

Other Senses

170

(5)

Taste: Savory Sensations

170

(2)

Smell: The Sense of Scents

172

(1)

Senses of the Skin

173

(1)

The Environment Within

174

(1)

Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences

175

(3)

Inborn Abilities and Perceptual Lessons

176

(1)

Psychological and Cultural Influences on Perception

176

(2)

Puzzles of Perception

178

(4)

Conscious and Nonconscious Perception

178

(2)

Extrasensory Perception: Reality or Illusion?

180

(1)

Evidence or Coincidence?

180

(1)

Lessons from a Magician

181

(1)

Taking Psychology with You: Living with Pain

182

(4)

PART THREE YOUR MIND

Thinking and Intelligence

186

(40)

Thought: Using What We Know

188

(3)

The Elements of Cognition

188

(1)

How Conscious Is Thought?

189

(2)

Reasoning Rationally

191

(5)

Formal Reasoning: Algorithms and Logic

191

(1)

Informal Reasoning: Heuristics and Dialectical Thinking

192

(1)

Reflective Judgment

193

(3)

Barriers to Reasoning Rationally

196

(6)

Exaggerating the Improbable

196

(1)

Avoiding Loss

197

(1)

The Confirmation Bias

197

(2)

Biases Due to Mental Sets

199

(1)

The Hindsight Bias

199

(1)

Cognitive-Dissonance Reduction

200

(2)

Intelligence

202

(8)

Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach

203

(1)

Binet's Brainstorm

203

(1)

Culture-Free and Culture-Fair Tests

204

(3)

Beyond the IQ Test

207

(1)

Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach

207

(1)

The Triarchic Theory

208

(1)

Domains of Intelligence

208

(2)

The Origins of Intelligence

210

(6)

Genes and Intelligence

210

(2)

The Environment and Intelligence

212

(3)

Attitudes, Motivation, and Intelligence

215

(1)

Animal Minds

216

(4)

Animal Intelligence

217

(1)

Animals and Language

217

(3)

Taking Psychology with you: Becoming More Creative

220

(6)

Memory

226

(34)

Reconstructing the Past

228

(7)

The Conditions of Confabulation

229

(2)

Hypnosis and Memory

231

(1)

The Fading Flashbulb

232

(1)

The Eyewitness on Trial

232

(3)

Measuring Memory

235

(2)

The Three-Box Model of Memory

237

(7)

Memory as Information Processing

237

(2)

Sensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions

239

(1)

Short-term Memory: Memory's Work Area

239

(2)

Long-term Memory: Final Destination

241

(1)

Organization in Long-term Memory

241

(2)

The Contents of Long-term Memory

243

(1)

From Short-term to Long-term Memory: A Riddle

243

(1)

How We Remember

244

(4)

Effective Encoding

245

(1)

Rehearsal

245

(2)

Mnemonics

247

(1)

Why We Forget

248

(4)

The Decay Theory

248

(1)

New Memories for Old

249

(1)

Interference

250

(1)

Motivated Forgetting

251

(1)

Cue-dependent Forgetting

251

(1)

Autobiographical Memories

252

(4)

Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years

252

(2)

Memory and Narrative: The Stories of Our Lives

254

(2)

Taking Psychology with You: How to... Uh... Remember

256

(4)

PART FOUR YOUR ENVIRONMENT

Learning

260

(36)

Classical Conditioning

262

(4)

New Reflexes from Old

263

(1)

What's Really Learned in Classical Conditioning?

264

(1)

Principles of Classical Conditioning

265

(1)

Extinction

265

(1)

Higher-order Conditioning

266

(1)

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

266

(1)

Classical Conditioning in Real Life

266

(4)

Accounting for Taste

267

(1)

Learning to Like

267

(1)

Learning to Fear

268

(1)

Reacting to Drugs

269

(1)

Operant Conditioning

270

(9)

Reinforcement and Punishment: The Carrot and the Stick

272

(1)

Positive and Negative Reinforcers and Punishers

273

(1)

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers and Punishers

274

(1)

Principles of Operant Conditioning

275

(1)

Extinction

276

(1)

Immediate Versus Delayed Consequences

276

(1)

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

276

(1)

Learning on Schedule

276

(1)

Shaping

277

(1)

Superstition

278

(1)

Operant Conditioning in Real Life

279

(6)

The Problem with Punishment

280

(3)

The Problem with Reward

283

(2)

Social-Learning Theories

285

(4)

Observational Learning: The Copycat Syndrome

286

(1)

Cognitive Processes: Peering into the ``Black Box''

287

(2)

Behavior and the Mind: The Question of Insight

289

(2)

Taking Psychology with You: Shape Up!

291

(5)

Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

296

(36)

Roles and Rules

298

(6)

The Obedience Study

299

(2)

The Prison Study

301

(1)

The Power of Roles

302

(2)

Identity, Attributions, and Attitudes

304

(7)

Self-identity

304

(2)

Attributions

306

(1)

Attitudes

307

(1)

Where Do Attitudes Come From?

307

(1)

Friendly Persuasion

308

(1)

Coercive Persuasion

309

(2)

Individuals in Groups

311

(6)

Conformity

312

(1)

Groupthink

313

(1)

The Anonymous Crowd

314

(1)

Courage and Nonconformity

315

(2)

Cross-cultural Relations

317

(11)

Stereotypes

319

(1)

Prejudice

320

(1)

The Origins of Prejudice

321

(1)

Varieties of Prejudice

322

(1)

Can Cultures Get Along?

323

(5)

Taking Psychology with You: Travels Across the Cultural Divide

328

(4)

PART FIVE YOUR MENTAL HEALTH

Psychological Disorders

332

(36)

Defining and Diagnosing Disorder

334

(6)

Assessing Mental Disorders

335

(2)

Diagnosis: Art or Science?

337

(3)

Anxiety Disorders

340

(4)

Anxiety States

340

(1)

Fears and Phobias

341

(1)

Obsessions and Compulsions

342

(2)

Mood Disorders

344

(4)

Depression and Mania

344

(1)

Theories of Depression

345

(3)

Personality Disorders

348

(3)

Problem Personalities

348

(1)

The Antisocial Personality

349

(2)

Dissociative Disorders

351

(2)

Amnesia and Fugue

351

(1)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (``Multiple Personality'')

352

(1)

Drug Abuse and Addiction

353

(6)

The Biological Model

354

(1)

The Learning Model

355

(2)

Debating Theories of Addiction

357

(2)

Schizophrenia

359

(5)

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

359

(2)

Theories of Schizophrenia

361

(3)

Taking Psychology with You: When a Friend Is Suicidal

364

(4)

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

368

(30)

Biological Treatments

370

(5)

The Question of Drugs

370

(3)

Surgery and Electroshock

373

(2)

Kinds of Psychotherapy

375

(9)

Psychodynamic Therapy

376

(1)

Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy

377

(1)

Behavioral Techniques

377

(1)

Cognitive Techniques

378

(2)

Humanist and Existential Therapy

380

(1)

Family Therapy

381

(1)

Psychotherapy in Practice

382

(2)

Alternatives to Psychotherapy

384

(2)

The Community and Rehabilitation Movements

384

(1)

The Self-help Movement

385

(1)

Evaluating Psychotherapy and Its Alternatives

386

(8)

The Scientist--Practitioner Gap

387

(1)

When Therapy Helps

388

(1)

Successful Clients and Therapists

388

(1)

Cultural and Group Differences

389

(1)

Which Therapy for Which Problem?

390

(1)

When Therapy Harms

391

(3)

Taking Psychology with You: How to Evaluate a Self-help Book

394

(4)

PART SIX YOUR LIFE

Emotion, Stress, and Health

398

(32)

The Nature of Emotion

400

(7)

Emotion and the Body

400

(1)

The Face of Emotion

400

(3)

Emotion and the Brain

403

(1)

The Energy of Emotion

404

(1)

Emotion and the Mind

405

(2)

Emotion and Culture

407

(5)

The Varieties of Emotion

408

(1)

Communicating Emotions

408

(4)

The Nature of Stress

412

(6)

Stress and the Body

412

(1)

Stressors Affecting the Body

413

(1)

The Stress-Illness Mystery

414

(1)

Stress and the Mind

415

(1)

Optimism and Pessimism

415

(1)

The Sense of Control

416

(2)

Stress and Emotion

418

(3)

Hostility and Depression

418

(1)

Emotional Inhibition

419

(2)

Emotions, Stress, and Health: How to Cope

421

(5)

Cooling Off

421

(1)

Solving the Problem

422

(1)

Rethinking the Problem

423

(1)

Looking Outward

423

(3)

Taking Psychology with You: The Dilemma of Anger: ``Let It Out'' or ``Bottle It Up''?

426

(4)

The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work

430

(34)

The Social Animal: Motives for Love

432

(4)

The Varieties of Love

432

(3)

Gender, Culture, and Love

435

(1)

The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex

436

(10)

The Biology of Desire

437

(1)

Hormones, Anatomy, and Sexual Response

437

(1)

The Evolutionary View

438

(2)

The Psychology of Desire

440

(2)

The Culture of Desire

442

(1)

Cultural Variations in Sexuality

442

(1)

Sexual Scripts

442

(1)

The Origins of Sexual Attitudes

443

(1)

The Riddle of Sexual Orientation

444

(2)

The Hungry Animal: Motives to Eat

446

(5)

The Genetics of Weight

446

(2)

Culture, Psychology, and Weight

448

(1)

Dilemmas of Dieting

449

(2)

The Competent Animal: Motives to Work

451

(7)

The Effects of Motivation on Work

451

(1)

Expectations and Values

451

(1)

Goals and Aspirations

452

(1)

Competence and Self-efficacy

453

(1)

Needs for Achievement and Power

453

(3)

The Effects of Work on Motivation

456

(1)

Working Conditions

456

(1)

Opportunities to Achieve

456

(2)

When Motives Conflict

458

(2)

Taking Psychology with You: Improving Your Motivation

460

(4)

Appendix: Statistical Methods

464

Glossary

G-1

Bibliography

B-1

Credits

C-1

Author Index

AI-1

Subject Index

SI-1

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Invitation to Psychology

Invitation to Psychology

9780321060464

0321060466

Summary

Table of Contents

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