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Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

by: Berk, Laura E.

Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

by: Berk, Laura E.

ISBN 13:
9780205420636
ISBN 10:
020542063X
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2008
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

This paperbound book is comprised of Chapters 1-13 of Berk's full-length Infants, Children, and Adolescents. With a heightened emphasis on the interplay between biology and environment, and stronger focus on education (both at home and at school) and social policy as critical pieces of the dynamic system in which the child develops, Berk pays meticulous attention to the most recent scholarship in the field.

A Personal Note to Students

xiv

Preface for Instructors

PART I Theory and Research in Child Development

History, Theory, and Research Strategies

(50)

The Field of Child Development

(2)

Periods of Development

(1)

Domains of Development

(1)

Basic Issues

(6)

Continuous or Discontinuous Development?

(1)

One Course of Development or Many?

(1)

Nature or Nurture as More Important?

(1)

Biology and Environment: Resilient Children

(1)

A Balanced Point of View

(2)

Historical Foundations

(3)

Medieval Times

(1)

The Reformation

(1)

Philosophies of the Enlightenment

(1)

Scientific Beginnings

(2)

Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

(8)

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

(3)

Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory

(1)

Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory

(4)

Recent Theoretical Perspectives

(8)

Information Processing

(1)

Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

(2)

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

(1)

Ecological Systems Theory

(2)

New Directions: Development as a Dynamic System

(2)

Comparing Child Development Theories

(1)

Studying the Child

(18)

Common Methods of Gathering Information

(5)

Cultural Influences: Immigrant Youths: Amazing Adaptation

(1)

General Research Designs

(2)

Designs for Studying Development

(3)

Social Issues: Health: Impact of Historical Times on Development: The Great Depression and World War II

(2)

Ethics in Research on Children

(3)

Summary

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

(1)

PART II Foundations of Development

Biological and Environmental Foundations

(40)

Genetic Foundations

(10)

The Genetic Code

(1)

The Sex Cells

(2)

Boy or Girl?

(1)

Multiple Births

(1)

Patterns of Genetic Inheritance

(4)

Chromosomal Abnormalities

(2)

Reproductive Choices

(7)

Genetic Counseling

(1)

Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine

(1)

Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies

(3)

The Alternative of Adoption

(2)

Environmental Contexts for Development

(12)

The Family

(3)

Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning

(1)

The Impact of Poverty

(2)

Beyond the Family: Neighborhoods and Schools

(1)

The Cultural Context

(2)

Cultural Influences: The African-American Extended Family

(2)

Social Issues: Health: Welfare Reform, Poverty, and Child Development

(2)

Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment

(7)

The Question, ``How Much?''

(2)

The Question, ``How?''

(3)

Biology and Environment: Uncoupling Genetic-Environmental Correlations for Mental Illness and Antisocial Behavior

(2)

Summary

(1)

Important Terms and Concepts

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

(1)

Prenatal Development

(36)

Motivations for Parenthood

(5)

Why Have Children?

(1)

How Large a Family?

(1)

Is There a Best Time During Adulthood to Have a Child?

(1)

Social Issues: Education: A Global Perspective on Family Planning

(2)

Prenatal Development

(7)

Conception

(2)

The Period of the Zygote

101

(1)

The Period of the Embryo

102

(1)

The Period of the Fetus

103

(3)

Prenatal Environmental Influences

106

(16)

Teratogens

106

(2)

Biology and Environment: The Prenatal Environment and Health in Later Life

108

(2)

Social Issues: Health: Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again? The Teratogenic Effects of Accutane

110

(6)

Other Maternal Factors

116

(4)

The Importance of Prenatal Health Care

120

(2)

Preparing for Parenthood

122

(3)

Seeking Information

122

(1)

The Baby Becomes a Reality

123

(1)

Models of Effective Parenthood

123

(1)

Practical Concerns

124

(1)

The Parental Relationship

125

(1)

Summary

125

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

127

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

127

(1)

Birth and the Newborn Baby

128

(36)

The Stages of Childbirth

130

(5)

Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix

130

(1)

Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby

131

(1)

Biology and Environment: What Controls the Timing of Birth?

132

(1)

Stage 3: Birth of the Placenta

132

(1)

The Baby's Adaptation to Labor and Delivery

132

(1)

The Newborn Baby's Appearance

133

(1)

Assessing the Newborn's Physical Condition: The Apgar Scale

134

(1)

Approaches to Childbirth

135

(2)

Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth

135

(1)

Home Delivery

136

(1)

Medical Interventions

137

(3)

Fetal Monitoring

137

(1)

Labor and Delivery Medication

138

(1)

Instrument Delivery

138

(1)

Induced Labor

139

(1)

Cesarean Delivery

139

(1)

Birth Complications

140

(7)

Oxygen Deprivation

140

(1)

Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants

141

(3)

Social Issues: Health: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies

144

(2)

Birth Complications, Parenting, and Resilience

146

(1)

Precious Moments After Birth

147

(1)

The Newborn Baby's Capacities

147

(10)

Reflexes

148

(2)

States

150

(2)

Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

152

(2)

Sensory Capacities

154

(2)

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment

156

(1)

The Transition to Parenthood

157

(4)

Changes in the Family System

158

(1)

Biology and Environment: Postpartum Depression and the Parent-Child Relationship

159

(1)

Parent Interventions

160

(1)

Summary

161

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

163

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

163

(1)

PART III Infancy and Toddlerhood: The First Two Years

Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

164

(42)

Body Growth

166

(3)

Changes in Body Size and Muscle-Fat Makeup

166

(1)

Changes in Body Proportions

167

(1)

Skeletal Growth

168

(1)

Brain Development

169

(9)

Development of Neurons

169

(2)

Development of the Cerebral Cortex

171

(1)

Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and Adults

172

(2)

Sensitive Periods in Brain Development

174

(2)

Changing States of Arousal

176

(1)

Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements

177

(1)

Influences on Early Physical Growth

178

(4)

Heredity

178

(1)

Nutrition

178

(2)

Malnutrition

180

(1)

Emotional Well-Being

181

(1)

Learning Capacities

182

(4)

Classical Conditioning

182

(1)

Operant Conditioning

183

(1)

Habituation

184

(1)

Imitation

185

(1)

Motor Development

186

(7)

The Sequence of Motor Development

187

(1)

Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems

188

(1)

Dynamic Motor Systems in Action

188

(1)

Cultural Variations in Motor Development

189

(1)

Fine Motor Development: Reaching and Grasping

189

(2)

Bowel and Bladder Control

191

(2)

Perceptual Development

193

(10)

Hearing

193

(1)

Vision

194

(2)

Biology and Environment: Development of Infants with Severe Visual Impairments

196

(4)

Object Perception

200

(1)

Intermodal Perception

201

(1)

Understanding Perceptual Development

202

(1)

Summary

203

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

205

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

205

(1)

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

206

(42)

Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory

208

(12)

Piaget's Ideas About Cognitive Change

208

(1)

The Sensorimotor Stage

209

(3)

Follow-Up Research on Infant Cognitive Development

212

(4)

Evaluation of the Sensorimotor Stage

216

(2)

Biology and Environment: Do Infants Have Built-In Numerical Knowledge?

218

(2)

Information Processing

220

(6)

Structure of the Information-Processing System

220

(1)

Attention

221

(1)

Memory

222

(1)

Categorization

223

(1)

Biology and Environment: Infantile Amnesia

224

(2)

Evaluation of Information-Processing Findings

226

(1)

The Social Context of Early Cognitive Development

226

(3)

Cultural Influences: Social Origins of Make-Believe Play

228

(1)

Individual Differences in Early Mental Development

229

(6)

Infant Intelligence Tests

229

(2)

Early Environment and Mental Development

231

(2)

Early Intervention for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers

233

(2)

Language Development

235

(10)

Three Theories of Language Development

235

(3)

Getting Ready to Talk

238

(2)

First Words

240

(1)

The Two-Word Utterance Phase

240

(1)

Comprehension versus Production

241

(1)

Individual and Cultural Differences

241

(1)

Supporting Early Language Development

242

(3)

Summary

245

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

247

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

247

(1)

Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

248

(38)

Erikson's Theory of Infant and Toddler Personality

250

(2)

Basic Trust versus Mistrust

250

(1)

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

251

(1)

Emotional Development

252

(6)

Development of Basic Emotions

252

(3)

Understanding and Responding to the Emotions of Others

255

(1)

Emergence of Self-Conscious Emotions

256

(1)

Beginnings of Emotional Self-Regulation

256

(2)

Development of Temperament

258

(6)

The Structure of Temperament

258

(1)

Measuring Temperament

259

(1)

Biology and Environment: Biological Basis of Shyness and Sociability

260

(1)

Stability of Temperament

261

(1)

Genetic Influences

262

(1)

Environmental Influences

262

(1)

Temperament and Child Rearing: The Goodness-of-Fit Model

263

(1)

Development of Attachment

264

(14)

Bowlby's Ethological Theory

265

(1)

Measuring the Security of Attachment

266

(2)

Stability of Attachment

268

(1)

Cultural Variations

268

(1)

Factors That Affect Attachment Security

269

(3)

Social Issues: Health: Does Child Care in Infancy Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment?

272

(2)

Multiple Attachments

274

(1)

Cultural Influences: The Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development

275

(1)

From Attachment to Peer Sociability

276

(1)

Attachment and Later Development

277

(1)

Self-Understanding

278

(3)

Self-Awareness

278

(1)

Categorizing the Self

279

(1)

Emergence of Self-Control

280

(1)

Summary

281

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

283

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

283

(3)

Milestones of Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

284

(2)

PART IV Early Childhood: Two to Six Years

Physical Development in Early Childhood

286

(28)

Body Growth

288

(2)

Skeletal Growth

288

(2)

Asynchronies in Physical Growth

290

(1)

Brain Development

290

(3)

Handedness

292

(1)

Other Advances in Brain Development

293

(1)

Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Health

293

(11)

Heredity and Hormones

294

(1)

Emotional Well-Being

294

(1)

Sleep Habits and Problems

294

(2)

Nutrition

296

(2)

Infectious Disease

298

(1)

Cultural Influences: Child Health Care in the United States and Other Western Nations

299

(1)

Childhood Injuries

300

(1)

Social Issues: Health: Otitis Media and Development

301

(3)

Motor Development

304

(7)

Gross Motor Development

304

(2)

Fine Motor Development

306

(3)

Individual Differences in Motor Skills

309

(1)

Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development

310

(1)

Summary

311

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

313

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

313

(1)

Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

314

(42)

Piaget's Theory: The Preoperational Stage

316

(12)

Advances in Mental Representation

316

(1)

Make-Believe Play

316

(2)

Symbol-Real World Relations

318

(1)

Limitations of Preoperational Thought

319

(2)

Follow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought

321

(3)

Social Issues: Education: Young Children's Understanding of Death

324

(2)

Evaluation of the Preoperational Stage

326

(1)

Piaget and Early Childhood Education

327

(1)

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

328

(5)

Children's Private Speech

329

(1)

Social Origins of Early Childhood Cognition

329

(2)

Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education

331

(1)

Evaluation of Vygotsky's Theory

331

(1)

Cultural Influences: Children in Village and Tribal Cultures Observe and Participate in Adult Work

332

(1)

Information Processing

333

(10)

Attention

333

(1)

Memory

334

(1)

Problem Solving

335

(1)

The Young Child's Theory of Mind

336

(2)

Early Literacy and Mathematical Development

338

(1)

Biology and Environment: ``Mindblindness'' and Autism

339

(4)

Individual Differences in Mental Development

343

(5)

Early Childhood Intelligence Tests

343

(1)

Home Environment and Mental Development

343

(1)

Preschool, Kindergarten, and Child Care

344

(3)

Educational Media

347

(1)

Language Development

348

(5)

Vocabulary

348

(2)

Grammar

350

(1)

Conversation

351

(1)

Supporting Language Learning in Early Childhood

352

(1)

Summary

353

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

355

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

355

(1)

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

356

(44)

Erikson's Theory: Initiative versus Guilt

358

(1)

Self-Understanding

359

(2)

Foundations of Self-Concept

359

(1)

Cultural Influences: Cultural Variations in Storytelling: Implications for Early Self-Concept

360

(1)

Emergence of Self-Esteem

360

(1)

Emotional Development

361

(5)

Understanding Emotion

361

(2)

Emotional Self-Regulation

363

(1)

Self-Conscious Emotions

363

(1)

Empathy and Sympathy

364

(2)

Peer Relations

366

(5)

Advances in Peer Sociability

366

(2)

First Friendships

368

(1)

Social Problem Solving

368

(2)

Parental Influences on Early Peer Relations

370

(1)

Foundations of Morality

371

(10)

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

371

(2)

Social Learning Theory

373

(2)

The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective

375

(2)

The Other Side of Morality: Development of Aggression

377

(4)

Gender Typing

381

(7)

Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs and Behaviors

381

(1)

Biological Influences on Gender Typing

382

(1)

Environmental Influences on Gender Typing

382

(1)

Biology and Environment: David: A Boy Who Was Reared as a Girl

383

(2)

Gender Identity

385

(2)

Reducing Gender Stereotyping in Young Children

387

(1)

Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development

388

(7)

Styles of Child Rearing

388

(1)

What Makes Authoritative Child Rearing Effective?

389

(1)

Cultural Variations

390

(1)

Child Maltreatment

390

(4)

Social Issues: Health: Healthy Start: Preventing Child Maltreatment Through Home Visitation

394

(1)

Summary

395

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

397

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

397

(3)

Milestones of Development in Early Childhood

398

(2)

PART V Middle Childhood: Six to Eleven Years

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

400

(26)

Body Growth

402

(2)

Worldwide Variations in Body Size

402

(1)

Secular Trends in Physical Growth

403

(1)

Skeletal Growth

403

(1)

Brain Development

404

(1)

Common Health Problems

404

(9)

Vision and Hearing

405

(1)

Malnutrition

406

(1)

Obesity

406

(4)

Social Issues: Health: The Obesity Epidemic: How Americans Became the Heaviest People in the World

410

(2)

Bedwetting

412

(1)

Illnesses

412

(1)

Unintentional Injuries

413

(1)

Health Education

413

(4)

Social Issues: Education: Children's Understanding of Health and Illness

415

(2)

Motor Development and Play

417

(7)

Gross Motor Development

417

(1)

Fine Motor Development

418

(1)

Individual Differences in Motor Skills

418

(2)

Child-Organized Games

420

(1)

Adult-Organized Youth Sports

420

(1)

Shadows of Our Evolutionary Past

421

(1)

Physical Education

422

(2)

Summary

424

(1)

Important Terms and Concepts

425

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

425

(1)

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

426

(42)

Piaget's Theory: The Concrete Operational Stage

428

(4)

Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage

428

(1)

Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought

429

(1)

Follow-Up Research on Concrete Operational Thought

429

(2)

Evaluation of the Concrete Operational Stage

431

(1)

Information Processing

432

(10)

Attention

432

(1)

Memory Strategies

433

(1)

Biology and Environment: Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

434

(2)

The Knowledge Base and Memory Performance

436

(1)

Culture, Schooling, and Memory Strategies

436

(1)

The School-Age Child's Theory of Mind

437

(1)

Cognitive Self-Regulation

438

(1)

Applications of Information Processing to Academic Learning

438

(4)

Individual Differences in Mental Development

442

(9)

Defining and Measuring Intelligence

442

(1)

Recent Efforts to Define Intelligence

443

(2)

Explaining Individual and Group Differences in IQ

445

(2)

Cultural Influences: The Flynn Effect: Massive Generational Gains in IQ

447

(2)

Reducing Cultural Bias in Intelligence Testing

449

(2)

Language Development

451

(3)

Vocabulary

451

(1)

Grammar

452

(1)

Pragmatics

452

(1)

Learning Two Languages at a Time

453

(1)

Children's Learning in School

454

(11)

Class Size

454

(1)

Educational Philosophies

455

(2)

Social Issues: Education: School Readiness and Grade Retention

457

(1)

Teacher-Student Interaction

458

(1)

Grouping Practices

459

(1)

Computers and Academic Learning

459

(1)

Teaching Children with Special Needs

460

(3)

How Well Educated Are North American Children?

463

(2)

Summary

465

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

467

(1)

FYI For Further Information and Help

467

(1)

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

468

(2)

Erikson's Theory: Industry versus Inferiority

470

(1)

Self-Understanding

471

(6)

Self-Concept

471

(1)

Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept

471

(1)

Self-Esteem

472

(1)

Influences on Self-Esteem

473

(4)

Emotional Development

477

(3)

Self-Conscious Emotions

478

(1)

Emotional Understanding

478

(1)

Emotional Self-Regulation

479

(1)

Understanding Others: Perspective Taking

480

(1)

Moral Development

481

(4)

Learning About Justice Through Sharing

481

(1)

Understanding Moral, Social-Conventional, and Personal Matters

482

(1)

Cultural Influences: Children's Understanding of God

483

(1)

Moral Education

484

(1)

Peer Relations

485

(5)

Peer Groups

485

(1)

Friendships

486

(1)

Peer Acceptance

487

(2)

Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims

489

(1)

Gender Typing

490

(2)

Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs

490

(1)

Gender Identity and Behavior

490

(1)

Cultural Influences on Gender Typing

491

(1)

Family Influences

492

(10)

Parent--Child Relationships

493

(1)

Siblings

493

(1)

One-Child Families

493

(1)

Gay and Lesbian Families

494

(1)

Never-Married Single-Parent Families

494

(1)

Divorce

495

(4)

Blended Families

499

(1)

Maternal Employment and Dual-Earner Families

500

(2)

Some Common Problems of Development

502

(7)

Fears and Anxieties

502

(1)

Cultural Influences: The Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children

503

(1)

Child Sexual Abuse

504

(1)

Fostering Resilience in Middle Childhood

505

(2)

Social Issues: Health: Children's Eyewitness Testimony

507

(2)

Summary

509

(2)

Important Terms and Concepts

511

(1)

FYI Further Information and Help

511

(1)

Milestones of Development in Middle Childhood

512

Glossary

(1)

References

(1)

Name Index

(1)

Subject Index

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Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

9780205420636

020542063X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

Infants and Children : Prenatal Through Middle Childhood

9780205420636

020542063X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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