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IGenetics : A Mendelian Approach

by: Russell, Peter J.

IGenetics : A Mendelian Approach

by: Russell, Peter J.

ISBN 13:
9780805346664
ISBN 10:
080534666X
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 04/04/2005
Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

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Summary

iGenetics: A Mendelian Approachreflects the dynamic nature of modern genetics by emphasizing an experimental, inquiry-based approach with a solid treatment of many research experiments.1. Genetics: An Introduction, Mendelian Genetics, Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Extensions of Mendelian Genetic Principles, Quantitative Genetics, Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes, Advanced Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes, Variations in Chromosome Structure and Number, Genetics of Bacteria and Bacteriophages, DNA: The Genetic Material, DNA Replication, Gene Control of Proteins, Gene Expression: Transcription, Gene Expression: Translation, DNA Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposable Elements, Recombinant DNA Technology, Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology, Genomics, Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages, Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes, Genetic Analysis of Development, Genetics of Cancer, Non-Mendelian Inheritance, Population Genetics, Molecular EvolutionFor all readers interested in learning the central concepts of genetics.

Preface

xiii

Genetics: An Introduction

(12)

Classical and Modern Genetics

(1)

Basic Concepts of Genetics

(3)

DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes

(1)

Transmission of Genetic Information

(1)

Expression of Genetic Information

(1)

Sources of Genetic Variation

(1)

Geneticists and Genetic Research

(8)

The Subdisciplines of Genetics

(1)

Basic and Applied Research

(1)

Genetic Databases and Maps

(2)

Organisms for Genetics Research

(3)

Summary

(1)

Mendelian Genetics

(26)

Genotype and Phenotype

(1)

Mendel's Experimental Design

(3)

Monohybrid Crosses and Mendel's Principle of Segregation

(7)

The Principle of Segregation

(1)

Representing Crosses with a Branch Diagram

(1)

Confirming the Principle of Segregation: The Use of Testcrosses

(1)

The Wrinkled-Pea Phenotype

(2)

Dihybrid Crosses and Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment

(4)

The Principle of Independent Assortment

(2)

Branch Diagram of Dihybrid Crosses

(1)

Trihybrid Crosses

(1)

The ``Rediscovery'' of Mendel's Principles

(1)

Statistical Analysis of Genetic Data: The Chi-Square Test

(2)

Mendelian Genetics in Humans

(9)

Pedigree Analysis

(1)

Examples of Human Genetic Traits

(2)

Summary

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

(2)

Questions and Problems

(4)

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

(40)

Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

(12)

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

(2)

Mitosis

(4)

Meiosis

(6)

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

(8)

Sex Chromosomes

(2)

Sex Linkage

(3)

Nondisjunction of X Chromosomes

(3)

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

(6)

Genotypic Sex Determination

(6)

Genic Sex Determination

(1)

Analysis of Sex-Linked Traits in Humans

(13)

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance

(1)

X-Linked Dominant Inheritance

(1)

Y-Linked Inheritance

(2)

Summary

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

(1)

Questions and Problems

(8)

Extensions of Mendelian Genetic Principles

(32)

Determining the Number of Genes for Mutations with the Same Phenotype

(1)

Multiple Alleles

(5)

ABO Blood Groups

(3)

Drosophila Eye Color

(1)

Relating Multiple Alleles to Molecular Genetics

(2)

Modifications of Dominance Relationships

(2)

Incomplete Dominance

(1)

Codominance

(1)

Molecular Explanations of Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

(1)

Gene Interactions and Modified Mendelian Ratios

(8)

Gene Interactions That Produce New Phenotypes

(1)

Epistasis

(7)

Essential Genes and Lethal Alleles

(1)

Gene Expression and the Environment

(14)

Penetrance and Expressivity

(1)

Effects of the Environment

(3)

Nature versus Nurture

102

(1)

Summary

103

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

104

(2)

Questions and Problems

106

(5)

Quantitative Genetics

111

(32)

The Nature of Continuous Traits

112

(1)

Questions Studied in Quantitative Genetics

113

(1)

The Inheritance of Continuous Traits

113

(2)

Polygene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance

113

(1)

Polygene Hypothesis for Wheat Kernel Color

113

(2)

Statistical Tools

115

(6)

Samples and Populations

115

(1)

Distributions

115

(1)

The Mean

116

(1)

The Variance and the Standard Deviation

116

(2)

Correlation

118

(1)

Regression

119

(1)

Analysis of Variance

120

(1)

Quantitative Genetic Analysis

121

(2)

Inheritance of Ear Length in Corn

121

(2)

Heritability

123

(5)

Components of the Phenotypic Variance

123

(2)

Broad-Sense and Narrow-Sense Heritability

125

(1)

Understanding Heritability

126

(1)

How Heritability Is Calculated

127

(1)

Response to Selection

128

(4)

Estimating the Response to Selection

128

(2)

Genetic Correlations

130

(2)

Quantitative Trait Loci

132

(11)

Summary

135

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

136

(2)

Questions and Problems

138

(5)

Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes

143

(22)

Early Studies of Genetic Linkage: Morgan's Experiments with Drosophila

144

(2)

Gene Recombination and the Role of Chromosomal Exchange

146

(2)

Corn Experiments

146

(1)

Drosophila Experiments

146

(2)

Constructing Genetic Maps

148

(17)

Detecting Linkage through Testcrosses

148

(2)

Gene Mapping with Two-Point Testcrosses

150

(1)

Generating a Genetic Map

150

(1)

Gene Mapping with Three-Point Testcrosses

151

(5)

Calculating Accurate Map Distances

156

(1)

Summary

157

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

157

(2)

Questions and Problems

159

(6)

Advanced Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes

165

(22)

Tetrad Analysis in Certain Haploid Eukaryotes

166

(7)

Using Random-Spore Analysis to Map Genes in Haploid Eukaryotes

168

(1)

Calculating Gene--Centromere Distance in Organisms by Using Ordered Tetrads

168

(2)

Using Tetrad Analysis to Map Two Linked Genes

170

(3)

Mitotic Recombination

173

(6)

Discovery of Mitotic Recombination

173

(1)

Mitotic Recombination in the Fungus Apergillus nidulans

174

(4)

Retinoblastoma, a Human Tumor That Can Be Caused by Mitotic Recombination

178

(1)

Mapping Human Genes

179

(8)

Mapping Human Genes by Recombination Analysis

179

(1)

Iod Score Method for Analyzing Linkage of Human Genes

180

(1)

High-Density Genetic Maps of the Human Genome

180

(1)

Physical Mapping of Human Genes

181

(1)

Summary

182

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

182

(2)

Questions and Problems

184

(3)

Variations in Chromosome Structure and Number

187

(28)

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

188

(1)

Variations in Chromosome Structure

188

(12)

Deletion

189

(2)

Duplication

191

(2)

Inversion

193

(1)

Translocation

194

(2)

Chromosomal Mutations and Human Tumors

196

(3)

Position Effect

199

(1)

Fragile Sites and Fragile X Syndrome

199

(1)

Variations in Chromosome Number

200

(15)

Changes in One or a Few Chromosomes

201

(5)

Changes in Complete Sets of Chromosomes

206

(2)

Summary

208

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

208

(1)

Questions and Problems

209

(6)

Genetics of Bacteria and Bacteriophages

215

(36)

Genetic Analysis of Bacteria

216

(2)

Gene Mapping in Bacteria by Conjugation

218

(6)

Discovery of Conjugation in E. coli

218

(1)

The Sex Factor F

218

(1)

High-Frequency Recombination Strains of E. coli

219

(2)

F' Factors

221

(1)

Using Conjugation to Map Bacterial Genes

221

(2)

Circularity of the E. coli Map

223

(1)

Genetic Mapping in Bacteria by Transformation

224

(2)

Genetic Mapping in Bacteria by Transduction

226

(7)

Bacteriophages

226

(2)

Transduction Mapping of Bacterial Chromosomes

228

(5)

Mapping Bacteriophage Genes

233

(2)

Fine-Structure Analysis of a Bacteriophage Gene

235

(16)

Recombination Analysis of rll Mutants

235

(2)

Deletion Mapping

237

(1)

Defining Genes by Complementation (Cis-Trans) Tests

237

(4)

Summary

241

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

241

(2)

Questions and Problems

243

(8)

DNA: The Genetic Material

251

(30)

The Search for the Genetic Material

252

(5)

Griffith's Transformation Experiment

253

(1)

Avery's Transformation Experiments

254

(1)

The Hershey--Chase Bacteriophage Experiments

254

(2)

The Discovery of RNA as Viral Genetic Material

256

(1)

The Composition and Structure of DNA and RNA

257

(7)

The DNA Double Helix

259

(2)

Different DNA Structures

261

(2)

DNA in the Cell

263

(1)

RNA Structure

263

(1)

The Organization of DNA in Chromosomes

264

(17)

Viral Chromosomes

264

(1)

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

265

(1)

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

266

(7)

Unique-Sequence and Repetitive-Sequence DNA

273

(1)

Summary

274

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

275

(1)

Questions and Problems

276

(5)

DNA Replication

281

(28)

Semiconservative DNA Replication

282

(3)

The Meselson-Stahl Experiment

283

(2)

Semiconservative DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

285

(1)

DNA Polymerases, the DNA Replicating Enzymes

285

(3)

DNA Polymerase I

285

(1)

Roles of DNA Polymerases

286

(2)

Molecular Model of DNA Replication

288

(7)

Initiation of Replication

289

(1)

Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication

290

(2)

Replication of Circular DNA and the Supercoiling Problem

292

(1)

Rolling Circle Replication

292

(3)

DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

295

(4)

Replicons

295

(1)

Initiation of Replication

296

(1)

Eukaryotic Replication Enzymes

296

(1)

Replicating the Ends of Chromosomes

297

(2)

Assembling Newly Replicated DNA into Nucleosomes

299

(1)

DNA Recombination

299

(10)

The Holliday Model for Recombination

299

(3)

Gene Conversion and Mismatch Repair

302

(1)

Summary

303

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

304

(1)

Questions and Problems

305

(4)

Gene Function

309

(22)

Gene Control of Enzyme Structure

310

(4)

Garrod's Hypothesis of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

310

(1)

The One-Gene-One-Enzyme Hypothesis

311

(3)

Genetically Based Enzyme Deficiencies in Humans

314

(4)

Phenylketonuria

314

(2)

Albinism

316

(1)

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

316

(1)

Tay--Sachs Disease

316

(2)

Gene Control of Protein Structure

318

(3)

Sickle-Cell Anemia

318

(1)

Other Hemoglobin Mutants

319

(1)

Cystic Fibrosis

319

(2)

Genetic Counseling

321

(10)

Carrier Detection

321

(1)

Fetal Analysis

322

(1)

Summary

323

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

323

(1)

Questions and Problems

324

(7)

Gene Expression: Transcription

331

(24)

Gene Expression--The Central Dogma: An Overview

332

(1)

The Transcription Process

332

(5)

RNA Synthesis

332

(1)

Initiation of Transcription at Promoters

333

(3)

Elongation and Termination of an RNA Chain

336

(1)

Transcription in Eukaryotes

337

(18)

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

337

(1)

Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes by RNA Polymerase II

337

(2)

Eukaryotic mRNAs

339

(7)

Transcription of Other Genes

346

(4)

Summary

350

(2)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

352

(1)

Questions and Problems

352

(3)

Gene Expression: Translation

355

(22)

Proteins

356

(3)

Chemical Structure of Proteins

356

(1)

Molecular Structure of Proteins

356

(3)

The Nature of the Genetic Code

359

(4)

The Genetic Code Is a Triplet Code

359

(2)

Deciphering the Genetic Code

361

(1)

Characteristics of the Genetic Code

362

(1)

Translation: The Process of Protein Synthesis

363

(8)

The mRNA Codon Recognizes the tRNA Anticodon

363

(1)

Adding an Amino Acid to tRNA

363

(1)

Initiation of Translation

364

(3)

Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain

367

(3)

Termination of Translation

370

(1)

Protein Sorting in the Cell

371

(6)

Summary

372

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

372

(1)

Questions and Problems

373

(4)

DNA Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposable Elements

377

(42)

DNA Mutation

378

(15)

Adaptation versus Mutation

378

(2)

Mutations Defined

380

(4)

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

384

(8)

Detecting Mutations

392

(1)

Repair of DNA Damage

393

(4)

Direct Reversal of DNA Damage

394

(1)

Base Excision Repair

394

(1)

Repair Involving Excision of Nucleotides

394

(3)

Human Genetic Diseases Resulting from DNA Replication and Repair Mutations

397

(1)

Transposable Elements

397

(22)

General Features of Transposable Elements

397

(2)

Transposable Elements in Prokaryotes

399

(2)

Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes

401

(8)

Summary

409

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

410

(2)

Questions and Problems

412

(7)

Recombinant DNA Technology

419

(36)

DNA Cloning

420

(7)

Restriction Enzymes

420

(3)

Cloning Vectors and DNA Cloning

423

(4)

Recombinant DNA Libraries

427

(4)

Genomic Libraries

428

(1)

Chromosome Libraries

429

(1)

cDNA Libraries

429

(2)

Finding a Specific Clone in a DNA Library

431

(5)

Screening a cDNA Library

431

(2)

Screening a Genomic Library

433

(1)

Identifying Genes in Libraries by Complementation of Mutations

434

(1)

Using Heterologous Probes to Identify Specific DNA Sequences in Libraries

434

(1)

Using Oligonucleotide Probes to Identify Genes or cDNAs in Libraries

434

(2)

Molecular Analysis of Cloned DNA

436

(5)

Restriction Mapping

436

(3)

Southern Blot Analysis of Sequences in the Genome

439

(2)

Northern Blot Analysis of RNA

441

(1)

DNA Sequencing

441

(3)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

444

(11)

PCR Steps

444

(2)

Advantages and Limitations of PCR

446

(1)

Applications of PCR

446

(1)

RT-PCR and mRNA Quantification

447

(1)

Summary

447

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

448

(1)

Questions and Problems

448

(7)

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

455

(32)

Site-Specific Mutagenesis of DNA

456

(1)

Analysis of DNA Polymorphisms in Genomes

457

(5)

DNA Polymorphism Defined

457

(1)

Classes of DNA Polymorphisms

458

(4)

DNA Molecular Testing for Human Genetic Disease Mutations

462

(4)

Concept of DNA Molecular Testing

462

(1)

Purposes of Human Genetic Testing

463

(1)

Examples of DNA Molecular Testing

463

(3)

Availability of DNA Molecular Testing

466

(1)

Isolation of Human Genes

466

(2)

Cloning the Cystic Fibrosis Gene

466

(2)

DNA Typing

468

(4)

DNA Typing in a Paternity Case

468

(1)

Crime Scene Investigation: DNA Forensics

469

(2)

Other Applications of DNA Typing

471

(1)

Analysis of Expression of Individual Genes

472

(1)

Regulation of Transcription: Glucose Repression of the Yeast GAL1 Gene

472

(1)

Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing: A Role in Sexual Behavior in Drosophila

472

(1)

Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions

473

(2)

Gene Therapy

475

(1)

Biotechnology: Commercial Products

476

(1)

Genetic Engineering of Plants

477

(10)

Transformation of Plant Cells

477

(1)

Applications to Plant Genetic Engineering

478

(2)

Summary

480

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

480

(2)

Questions and Problems

482

(5)

Genomics

487

(28)

Structural Genomics

489

(12)

Sequencing Genomes

489

(4)

Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing of Genomes

493

(2)

Selected Examples of Genomes Sequenced

495

(1)

Bacterial Genomes

495

(1)

Eukaryotic Genomes

496

(3)

Insights from Genome Analysis: Genome Sizes and Gene Densities

499

(2)

Functional Genomics

501

(7)

Identifying Genes in DNA Sequences

502

(1)

Sequence Similarity Searches to Assign Gene Function

502

(1)

Assigning Gene Function Experimentally

503

(1)

Describing Patterns of Gene Expression

504

(4)

Comparative Genomics

508

(1)

Ethics and the Human Genome Project

508

(7)

Summary

509

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

510

(1)

Questions and Problems

510

(5)

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

515

(28)

The Iac Operon of E. coli

516

(12)

Lactose as a Carbon Source for E. coli

516

(1)

Experimental Evidence for the Regulation of lac Genes

517

(3)

Jacob and Monod's Operon Model for the Regulation of lac Genes

520

(5)

Positive Control of the lac Operon

525

(1)

Molecular Details of lac Operon Regulation

526

(2)

The trp Operon of E. coli

528

(5)

Gene Organization of the Tryptophan Biosynthesis Genes

529

(1)

Regulation of the trp Operon

529

(4)

Regulation of Gene Expression in Phage Lambda

533

(10)

Early Transcription Events

533

(1)

The Lysogenic Pathway

534

(1)

The Lytic Pathway

534

(2)

Summary

536

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

537

(1)

Questions and Problems

538

(5)

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

543

(30)

Operons in Eukaryotes

544

(2)

Levels of Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

546

(1)

Control of Transcription Initiation

546

(11)

Chromatin Remodeling

547

(2)

Activation of Transcription by Activators and Coactivators

549

(1)

Blocking Transcription with Repressors

550

(1)

Combinatorial Gene Regulation

550

(1)

Case Study: Regulation of Galactose Utilization in Yeast

551

(2)

Regulation of Gene Expression by Steroid Hormones

553

(4)

Gene Silencing and Genomic Imprinting

557

(4)

Posttranscriptional Control

561

(4)

RNA Processing Control

561

(2)

mRNA Transport Control

563

(1)

mRNA Translation Control

563

(1)

mRNA Degradation Control

564

(1)

Protein Degradation Control

564

(1)

RNA Interference: A Mechanism for Silencing Gene Expression

565

(8)

Summary

567

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

568

(1)

Questions and Problems

568

(5)

Genetic Analysis of Development

573

(32)

Basic Events of Development

574

(1)

Model Organisms for the Genetic Analysis of Development

575

(2)

Development Results from Differential Gene Expression

577

(8)

Constancy of DNA in the Genome During Development

577

(2)

Examples of Differential Gene Activity During Development

579

(2)

Exception to the Constancy of Genomic DNA During Development: DNA Loss in Antibody-Producing Cells

581

(4)

Case Study: Sex Determination and Dosage Compensation in Mammals and Drosophila

585

(6)

Sex Determination in Mammals

585

(1)

Dosage Compensation Mechanism for X-Linked Genes in Mammals

586

(1)

Sex Determination in Drosophila

586

(4)

Dosage Compensation in Drosophila

590

(1)

Case Study: Genetic Regulation of the Development of the Drosophila Body Plan

591

(14)

Drosophila Developmental Stages

591

(1)

Embryonic Development

591

(7)

Microarray Analysis of Drosophila Development

598

(2)

Summary

600

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

601

(1)

Questions and Problems

601

(4)

Genetics of Cancer

605

(26)

Relationship of the Cell Cycle to Cancer

607

(2)

Molecular Control of the Cell Cycle

607

(1)

Regulation of Cell Division in Normal Cells

607

(2)

Cancers Are Genetic Diseases

609

(1)

Genes and Cancer

610

(14)

Oncogenes

610

(8)

Tumor Suppressor Genes

618

(6)

Mutator Genes

624

(1)

Telomere Shortening, Telomerase, and Human Cancer

624

(1)

The Multistep Nature of Cancer

625

(1)

Chemicals and Radiation as Carcinogens

626

(5)

Chemical Carcinogens

626

(1)

Radiation

626

(1)

Summary

627

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

627

(1)

Questions and Problems

628

(3)

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

631

(26)

Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

632

(1)

Organization of Extranuclear Genomes

632

(7)

Mitochondrial Genome

632

(4)

Chloroplast Genome

636

(3)

Rules of Non-Mendelian Inheritance

639

(1)

Examples of Non-Mendelian Inheritance

639

(11)

Shoot Variegation in the Four O'Clock

639

(2)

The [poky] Mutant of Neurospora

641

(2)

Yeast petite Mutants

643

(2)

Non-Mendelian Inheritance in Chlamydomonas

645

(2)

Human Genetic Diseases and Mitochondrial DNA Defects

647

(1)

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production

647

(1)

Exceptions to Maternal Inheritance

648

(1)

Infectious Heredity: Killer Yeast

649

(1)

Contrasts to Non-Mendelian Inheritance

650

(7)

Maternal Effect

650

(1)

Summary

651

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

652

(1)

Questions and Problems

653

(4)

Population Genetics

657

(48)

Genetic Structure of Populations

659

(4)

Genotype Frequencies

659

(1)

Allele Frequencies

660

(3)

The Hardy-Weinberg Law

663

(6)

Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law

664

(1)

Predictions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law

664

(1)

Derivation of the Hardy-Weinberg Law

665

(2)

Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law to Loci with More Than Two Alleles

667

(1)

Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law to Sex-Linked Alleles

667

(1)

Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Proportions

667

(1)

Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law to Estimate Allelic Frequencies

668

(1)

Genetic Variation in Space and Time

669

(1)

Genetic Variation in Natural Populations

670

(6)

Measuring Genetic Variation at the Protein Level

671

(2)

Measuring Genetic Variation at the DNA Level

673

(3)

Forces That Change Gene Frequencies in Populations

676

(20)

Mutation

677

(2)

Random Genetic Drift

679

(6)

Migration

685

(2)

Hardy-Weinberg and Natural Selection

687

(7)

Balance Between Mutation and Selection

694

(1)

Assortative Mating

695

(1)

Inbreeding

695

(1)

Summary of the Effects of Evolutionary Forces on the Genetic Structure of a Population

696

(1)

Changes in Allelic Frequency Within a Population

696

(1)

Genetic Divergence Among Populations

696

(1)

Increases and Decreases in Genetic Variation Within Populations

697

(1)

The Role of Genetics in Conservation Biology

697

(1)

Speciation

697

(8)

Barriers to Gene Flow

698

(1)

Genetic Basis for Speciation

698

(1)

Summary

699

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

699

(1)

Questions and Problems

700

(5)

Molecular Evolution

705

(24)

Patterns and Modes of Substitutions

706

(9)

Nucleotide Substitutions in DNA Sequences

706

(2)

Rates of Nucleotide Substitutions

708

(3)

Variation in Evolutionary Rates Between Genes

711

(2)

Rates of Evolution in Mitochondrial DNA

713

(1)

Molecular Clocks

714

(1)

Molecular Phylogeny

715

(8)

Phylogenetic Trees

716

(2)

Reconstruction Methods

718

(3)

Phylogenetic Trees on a Grand Scale

721

(2)

Acquisition and Origins of New Functions

723

(6)

Multigene Families

723

(1)

Gene Duplication and Gene Conversion

724

(1)

Arabidopsis Genome Results

724

(1)

Summary

725

(1)

Analytical Approaches to Solving Genetics Problems

725

(1)

Questions and Problems

726

(3)

Glossary

729

(20)

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IGenetics : A Mendelian Approach

IGenetics : A Mendelian Approach

9780805346664

080534666X

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

IGenetics : A Mendelian Approach

IGenetics : A Mendelian Approach

9780805346664

080534666X

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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