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Human Memory

by: Radvansky, Gabriel A.

Human Memory

by: Radvansky, Gabriel A.

ISBN 13:
9780205457601
ISBN 10:
0205457606
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2011
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

The goal of this book is to provide the reader with a guide to human memory, its properties, and theories about how it works and how an understanding of it can help understand who we are and why we do the things that we do. The author focuses on the fundamentals of how our memory works and how it is studied.

Preface

xix

Overview and History of Memory Research

(20)

A Smattering of Definitions

(1)

Memory

(1)

Learning

(1)

Metaphors for Memory

(2)

History of Memory Research

(9)

The Ancients

(1)

Important Modern Precursors

(1)

Darwin and Evolution

(1)

Philosophy of Mind

(1)

Early Memory Researchers in Psychology

(1)

Ebbinghaus

(2)

Bartlett

(1)

Gestalt Psychology

(1)

Behaviorism

(1)

Verbal Learning

(1)

Early Efforts in Neuroscience

(1)

The Cognitive Revolution

(1)

The Modal Model of Memory

(1)

Multiple Memory Systems

(3)

Recurring Issues

(2)

Neurological Bases

(1)

Emotion

(1)

Multiple Memory Sources

(1)

Embodied Cognition

(1)

Scientific Rigor and Converging Evidence

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Neuroscience of Memory

(24)

Neurons

(5)

Neural Structure

(1)

Neural Communication

(1)

Action Potential

(1)

Neurotransmitters and the Synapse

(1)

Neural Change in Learning

(1)

A Blind Alley

(1)

Larger Structures

(7)

Subcortical Structures

(1)

Hippocampus

(1)

Other Structures

(1)

Cortical Lobes

(2)

Occipital Lobes

(1)

Parietal Lobes

(1)

Temporal Lobes

(1)

Frontal Lobes

(1)

Neurological Measures

(9)

Structural Measures

(1)

Computer-Assisted Tomography

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(1)

Electrical Measures

(1)

Electrical Stimulation

(3)

Single-Cell Recording

(1)

Event-Related Potentials

(1)

Blood Flow Measures

(1)

Positron Emission Tomography

(2)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(1)

Altered Brains

(1)

Case Studies and Lesions

(1)

Special Populations

(1)

The Hera Model

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Methods and Principles

(20)

Components of Memory Research

(1)

What Is an Experiment?

(1)

Other Types of Studies

(1)

Aspects of Learning

(6)

Intentional versus Incidental Learning

(1)

Methods

(1)

Principles

(1)

Levels of Processing

(1)

Imagery

(1)

Generation

(2)

Automaticity

(1)

Stimulus Characteristics

(1)

Methods

(1)

Principles

(1)

Savings

(1)

Pictures and Concreteness

(1)

Emotion

(1)

Frequency

(1)

Assessing the Contents of Memory

(6)

Recall

(1)

Methods

(1)

Free Recall

(1)

Forced Recall

(1)

Cued Recall

(1)

Retrieval Plans

(1)

Principles

(1)

Forgetting Curve

(1)

Overlearning

(1)

Reminiscence and Hypermnesia

(1)

Recognition

(1)

Methods

(1)

Old-New Recognition

(1)

Correction for Guessing

(1)

Forced-Choice Recognition

(1)

Social Influences

(1)

Collaborative Inhibition

(1)

Collaborative Facilitation

(1)

Assessing Memory Structure and Process

(4)

Mental Chronometry

(1)

Methods

(2)

Principles

(1)

Cluster Analysis

(1)

Methods

(1)

Inter-Item Delays

(1)

ARC scores

(1)

Subjective Organization

(1)

Principles

(1)

Conscious Experience of Memory

(1)

Metamemory Measures

(1)

Methods

(1)

Principles

(1)

Implicit Memory

(1)

Methods

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Sensory and Short-Term Memory

(26)

Sensory Memory

(1)

Iconic Memory

(7)

Span and Duration of Iconic Memory

(2)

Anorthoscopic Perception

(1)

Trans-Saccadic Memory

(3)

Change Blindness

(1)

Echoic Memory

(1)

Span and Duration of Echoic Memory

(1)

Haptic Sensory Memory

(1)

Span and Duration of Haptic Sensory Memory

(1)

Short-Term Memory

(14)

Short-Term Memory Capacity

(1)

Chunking

(1)

Very Large Capacity

(1)

Duration of Short-Term Memory

(1)

Decay

(1)

Interference

(2)

Retrieval in Short-Term Memory

(2)

Serial versus Parallel Issues

(1)

Serial Position Curves

(1)

Primacy Effect

(1)

Recency Effect

(1)

Changing the Serial Position Curve

(1)

Memory for Actions

(1)

Suffix Effect

(1)

Memory for Serial Order

(1)

Slot-Based Models

(1)

Chaining Models

(1)

Perturbation Model

(1)

Inhibition Models

(1)

Context-Based Models

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Working Memory

(22)

Baddeley and Hitch Model

(2)

Phonological Loop

(3)

Components

(1)

Phenomena of the Phonological Loop

(1)

Word Length Effect

(1)

Articulatory Suppression

(1)

Irrelevant Speech

(1)

Phonological Similarity

(1)

Lexicality

(1)

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

(10)

Mental Images

(1)

Visual Scanning

(2)

Mental Rotation

(1)

Boundary Extension

100

(2)

Dynamic Memory

102

(1)

Representational Momentum

103

(1)

Representational Gravity

104

(1)

Representational Friction

105

(1)

Context

105

(1)

Central Executive

106

(2)

Suppression

107

(1)

Dysexecutive Syndrome

107

(1)

Span Tests

108

(2)

Reading Span

108

(1)

Comprehension Span

109

(1)

Operation Span

109

(1)

Spatial Span

109

(1)

Working Memory and Complex Processing

110

(1)

Summary

111

(1)

Key Terms

112

(1)

Nondeclarative Memory

113

(20)

Classical Conditioning

113

(6)

Abstract Structure

114

(1)

Pavlov

114

(1)

Examples with Humans

115

(1)

Associative Structure

116

(1)

Important Phenomenon

117

(1)

Initial Learning

117

(1)

Forgetting

117

(1)

Other Situations

117

(1)

Effects of Prior Conditioned Memories

117

(1)

Mere Exposure Effect

118

(1)

Instrumental Conditioning

119

(1)

Procedural Memory

120

(3)

Skill Acquisition

120

(1)

Stages of Skill Acquisition

120

(1)

Cognitive Stage

121

(1)

Associative Stage

121

(1)

Autonomous Stage

121

(1)

Long-Term Working Memory

122

(1)

Implicit Memory

123

(8)

Incidental Learning

123

(1)

Indirect Tests of Memory

123

(1)

Priming

124

(1)

Other Verbal Tasks

125

(2)

Some Nonverbal Tasks

127

(1)

Data-Driven and Conceptually Driven Processes

128

(1)

Sequence Learning

128

(2)

Memory Under Anesthesia

130

(1)

Summary

131

(1)

Key Terms

132

(1)

Episodic Long-Term Memory

133

(28)

The Contents of Episodic Memory

133

(8)

Serial Position Effects

133

(1)

Levels of Representation

134

(1)

Cueing

135

(1)

Types of Cues

135

(2)

Context

137

(1)

Encoding Specificity

137

(1)

State-Dependent Memory

138

(1)

Mood-Congruent Memory

138

(2)

Transfer Appropriate Processing

140

(1)

Irrelevant Memories

141

(9)

Interference

141

(1)

Negative Transfer

141

(1)

Proactive Interference

142

(1)

Retroactive Interference

142

(3)

Associative Interference

145

(1)

Inhibition

146

(1)

Part-Set Cuing

146

(1)

Directed Forgetting

147

(1)

Negative Priming

148

(1)

Repeated Practice

148

(2)

Inhibition, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory

150

(1)

Repetition and Practice

150

(4)

Massed and Distributed Practice

151

(1)

Deficient Processing

152

(1)

Encoding Variability

152

(1)

Dual Processes

152

(1)

Overlearning and Permastore

153

(1)

Organization and Distinctiveness

154

(4)

Organization

154

(2)

Distinctiveness

156

(1)

Relational and Item-Specific Processing

156

(1)

Material Appropriate Processing

157

(1)

Summary

158

(1)

Key Terms

159

(2)

Memory for Space and Time

161

(26)

Memory for Space

161

(17)

Memory Psychophysics

162

(1)

Uncertainty Hypothesis

162

(1)

Reperceptual Hypothesis

163

(1)

Transformation Hypothesis

163

(1)

Category Adjustment Theory

163

(1)

Mental Maps

163

(1)

Spatial Theories

164

(2)

Additional Mental Map Phenomena

166

(4)

Temporal and Hybrid Theories

170

(2)

Routes versus Surveys

172

(1)

Semantic Effects

173

(1)

Mental Maps and Thinking

173

(1)

Spatial Frameworks

174

(4)

Memory for Time

178

(7)

Phenomena

179

(1)

Basic Memory Effects

179

(1)

Shifting in Time

180

(1)

Ordering

181

(1)

Theories

181

(1)

Distance-Based Theories

181

(2)

Location-Based Theories

183

(1)

Relative Time Theories

184

(1)

Category Adjustment Model of Time

184

(1)

Summary

185

(1)

Key Terms

186

(1)

Semantic Memory

187

(28)

Semantic Priming

187

(5)

Controlled Priming

188

(2)

Mediated Priming

190

(1)

Semantic Interconnectivity

191

(1)

Inhibition

191

(1)

Nature of Semantic Information

191

(1)

Concepts and Categories

192

(8)

Properties of Categories

192

(2)

Classical Theory of Categorization

194

(1)

Prototype Theory

194

(3)

Exemplar Theory

197

(1)

Explanation-Based Theory

198

(1)

Stereotypes and Prejudice

199

(1)

Ordered Relations

200

(1)

Schemas and Scripts

201

(7)

Primary Schema Processes

201

(1)

Selection

201

(1)

Abstraction

202

(2)

Interpretation

204

(1)

Integration

204

(1)

Reconstruction

204

(2)

Scripts

206

(1)

Limits on Schema Usage

207

(1)

Problems with Semantic Memory

208

(4)

Semantic Illusions

208

(2)

Naive Physics

210

(2)

Summary

212

(1)

Key Terms

213

(2)

Formal Models of Long-Term Memory

215

(24)

Simple Models of Memory

216

(3)

Threshold Model

216

(1)

Generate-Recognize Model

217

(1)

Modeling Recognition and Recall

218

(1)

Network Theories

219

(6)

Semantic Networks

220

(1)

Spreading Activation

220

(2)

Priming

222

(1)

Act

222

(1)

Act Network

222

(2)

Memory Systems

224

(1)

Global Matching Models

225

(7)

Sam

225

(1)

Recall

225

(2)

Recognition

227

(1)

Minerva 2

228

(1)

Echo Intensity

228

(1)

Echo Content

229

(1)

Specific and General Retrieval

229

(1)

Further Work

230

(1)

Todam and Charm

231

(1)

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Models

232

(3)

Learning

234

(1)

Dual Process Theories

235

(2)

Atkinson and Juola

235

(1)

Recent Views

235

(1)

One Process or Two?

236

(1)

Summary

237

(1)

Key Terms

238

(1)

Autobiographical Memory

239

(20)

Characteristics of Autobiographical Memories

239

(1)

Episodic or Semantic?

239

(1)

Varieties of Information

240

(1)

Levels of Autobiographical Memory

240

(5)

Event Specific Memories

242

(1)

General Event Memories

242

(1)

Lifetime Period Memories

243

(1)

Evidence for the Hierarchy

243

(1)

Neurological Evidence

244

(1)

Autobiographical Memory as Life Narrative

245

(3)

Perspectives in Autobiographical Memory

246

(1)

Schema-Copy-Plus-Tag Model

247

(1)

The Model

247

(1)

Item-specific and Relational Processing

248

(1)

Autobiographical Memory Over Time

248

(8)

Infantile Amnesia

248

(1)

Psychodynamic View

248

(1)

Neurological View

249

(1)

Schema Organization View

249

(1)

Language Development View

249

(2)

Emergent Self View

251

(1)

Multicomponent Development

251

(1)

Reminiscence Bump

251

(1)

Cognitive View

251

(1)

Neurological View

252

(1)

Identity Formation View

253

(1)

Summary

253

(1)

Flashbulb Memories

253

(1)

Flashbulb Memories Are Special

254

(1)

Flashbulb Memories Are Not So Special

254

(1)

Criteria for Flashbulb Memories

254

(2)

Summary

256

(1)

Key Terms

257

(2)

Memory and Reality

259

(20)

Source Monitoring

259

(8)

Types of Source Information

260

(1)

Types of Source Monitoring

261

(1)

Internal Source Monitoring

261

(1)

External Source Monitoring

262

(1)

Reality Monitoring

262

(1)

Source Monitoring Errors

262

(1)

Source Cueing

263

(1)

Cryptomnesia

263

(1)

False Fame

264

(1)

Sleeper Effect

265

(2)

False Memories

267

(7)

Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm

267

(1)

False Memories from Integration

268

(2)

Implanted Memories

270

(3)

Hypnosis and Memory

273

(1)

False Memories Through Normal Memory Use

274

(2)

Verbal Overshadowing

274

(1)

Revelation Effect

275

(1)

Summary

276

(1)

Key Terms

277

(2)

Memory and the Law

279

(20)

Eyewitness Testimony

279

(9)

Wording Effects

280

(1)

Misleading Postevent Information

281

(1)

Methods

281

(1)

Theories

281

(3)

Arousal Influences

284

(1)

Yarkes-Dodson Law

285

(1)

Easterbrook Hypothesis

285

(2)

Weapon Focus

287

(1)

John Dean's Memory

287

(1)

Eyewitness Confidence

288

(2)

Cognitive Interview

290

(1)

Eyewitness Identification

291

(3)

Mugshots

291

(1)

Lineups

292

(1)

Unconscious Transference

293

(1)

Juries

294

(2)

Information Order

294

(1)

Inadmissible Evidence

295

(1)

Summary

296

(2)

Key Terms

298

(1)

Metamemory

299

(20)

General Properties and Theories of Metamemory

299

(2)

Cues and Targets

299

(1)

Cue Familiarity Hypothesis

300

(1)

Accessibility Hypothesis

300

(1)

Competition Hypothesis

300

(1)

Judgments of Learning

301

(2)

Theories of JOLs

301

(1)

JOL cues

302

(1)

Allocation of Study Time

303

(1)

Feeling of Knowing

303

(3)

Problems with FOK Judgments

304

(1)

Other Aspects of FOK Judgments

304

(1)

Tip-of-the-Tongue State

305

(1)

Characteristics of TOT States

305

(1)

Theories of TOT States

305

(1)

Knowing That You Don't Know

306

(1)

Remember Versus Know

307

(4)

The Distinction Between ``Remember'' and ``Know''

308

(1)

Affecting ``Remember'' But Not ``Know''

308

(1)

Affecting ``Know'' But Not ``Remember''

308

(1)

Affecting ``Remember'' and ``Know'' in Opposite Ways

308

(1)

Implications for the ``Remember'' and ``Know'' Distinction

308

(1)

Hindsight Bias

309

(1)

The Knew-It-All-Along Effect

310

(1)

Remembering Forgetting

310

(1)

Avoiding the Hindsight Bias

310

(1)

Remembering Beliefs

311

(1)

Prospective Memory

311

(2)

Components of Prospective Memory

312

(1)

Types of Prospective Memory

312

(1)

Neurological Basis of Metamemory

313

(1)

Mnemonics

314

(1)

Exceptional Memory

315

(3)

Memorists

316

(1)

Eidetic Imagery

317

(1)

Summary

318

(1)

Key Terms

318

(1)

Memory and Development

319

(20)

Infancy

319

(3)

Testing the Very Young

319

(1)

Looking Method

320

(1)

Nonnutritive Sucking

320

(1)

Conjugate Reinforcement

320

(1)

Elicited Imitation

320

(1)

Memory and Infancy

321

(1)

Semantic Memory

321

(1)

Episodic Memory

321

(1)

Childhood

322

(6)

Semantic Memory

322

(1)

Episodic Memory

323

(2)

Working Memory

325

(2)

Metamemory

327

(1)

Old Age

328

(9)

Neurological Changes

328

(1)

Neural Conduction Speed

328

(1)

Declines in Frontal and Temporal Lobes

328

(1)

Theories of Age-Related Memory Declines

329

(1)

Speed Theory

329

(1)

Working Memory Declines

330

(1)

Inhibitory Declines

330

(1)

Self-Initiated Processing

331

(1)

Some Things Change

331

(1)

Episodic Memory

331

(1)

Episodic versus Schematic Information

332

(1)

Source Monitoring

333

(1)

Metamemory

334

(1)

Some Things Stay the Same

335

(1)

Semantic Memory

335

(1)

Episodic Memory

336

(1)

Higher-Level Memory

336

(1)

Summary

337

(1)

Key Terms

338

(1)

Amnesia

339

(22)

Long-Term Memory Amnesia

339

(15)

Retrograde Amnesia

339

(1)

Characteristics of Retrograde Amnesia

340

(1)

Case Studies of Retrograde Amnesia

341

(1)

Electroconvulsive Therapy/Shock

342

(2)

Transient Global Amnesia

344

(3)

Anterograde Amnesia

347

(1)

Medial Temporal Lobe and Hippocampus

347

(1)

Diencephalic Anterograde Amnesia

348

(1)

Anterograde Amnesia More Generally

349

(1)

Other Case Studies of Anterograde Amnesia

350

(1)

Living with Anterograde Amnesia

351

(1)

Mixture of Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

352

(2)

Short-Term Memory Amnesia

354

(1)

Psychogenic Amnesia

355

(3)

Repression

355

(1)

Dissociative Amnesia

356

(1)

Dissociative Fugue

357

(1)

Dissociative Identity Disorder

357

(1)

Summary

358

(1)

Key Terms

359

(2)

Other Memory Disorders

361

(16)

Dementia

361

(6)

Alzheimer's Disease

362

(1)

Characteristics

362

(1)

Causes of Alzheimer's Disease

362

(1)

Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

363

(1)

Memory Changes

364

(1)

Parkinson's Disease

365

(1)

Huntington's Disease

366

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

367

(1)

Memory Problems Associated With Other Conditions

367

(3)

Confabulation

367

(1)

Schizophrenia

368

(1)

Depression

368

(2)

Anxiety and Stress

370

(1)

Loss of Memory of Specific Knowledge or Skills

370

(7)

Semantic Amnesia

371

(2)

Aphasia, Amusia, and Agnosia

373

(1)

Phantom Limbs

374

(1)

Summary

374

(1)

Key Terms

375

(2)

APPENDIX Memory Methods

377

(4)

Signal Detection Analysis

377

(1)

Clustering

378

(1)

Process Dissociation

379

(2)

Glossary

381

(6)

Bibliography

387

(42)

Index

429

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Human Memory

Human Memory

9780205457601

0205457606

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Human Memory

Human Memory

9780205457601

0205457606

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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