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History of the Roman People, A

by: Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, Fritz M.; Yeo, Cedric A.

History of the Roman People, A

by: Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, Fritz M.; Yeo, Cedric A.

ISBN 13:
9780138965983
ISBN 10:
0138965986
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/1999
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
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Summary

This text is appropriate for a survey course on Roman History. Having undergone a thorough revision to incorporate the latest and most insightful research, this reader-friendly survey of Roman history embarks students on a fascinating journey from prehistoric Italy to the death of Maurice (602 A.D.)it takes into account new archaeological evidence, advances in historical demography, and recently excavated and restudied artifacts to shed new light on our understanding of the origins and early development of Rome. Centered around a traditional political and military narrative, it presents in-depth coverage of Roman social, economic, and cross-cultural developments. Cross-references are made throughout. Supporting evidence and up-to-date explanations based on the evidence of current scholarship are emphasized.

Preface

xvii

PART ONE PRE-ROMAN ITALY AND THE RISE OF ROME

(82)

I The Foundations of Early Rome and Italy

(10)

Geography

(2)

The Site of Rome

(1)

The Peoples of Pre-Roman Italy

(3)

The Peoples of Italy, ca. 750 B.C. to 400 B.C.

(4)

II Etruscans and Greeks in Pre-Roman Italy

(12)

The Land of the Etruscans

(1)

Sources for Etruscan History

(1)

Etruscan Origins

(1)

Etruscan Economy

(1)

Etruscan Cities and Sociopolitical Organization

(1)

Women and the Etruscan Family

(1)

Etruscan Culture and Religion

(2)

Etruscan Art and Architecture

(3)

The Fate of the Etruscans

(2)

The Greeks in Italy

(1)

Decline of the Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily

(1)

III Early Rome to 500 B.C.

(12)

The Ancient Literary Tradition and Its Sources

(2)

Reconstructing Early Roman History

(4)

The Early Roman State

(6)

IV Early Roman Society, Religion, and Values

(15)

The Principle of Hierarchy

(1)

The Family

(4)

Patrons and Clients

(1)

Slaves and Freedmen

(1)

Roman Names and the Gens

(1)

Patrician and Nonpatrician Gentes

(1)

The Openness of Early Roman Society to Outsiders

(1)

Early Roman Religion

(4)

The State and Religion

(1)

The Values of Early Roman Society

(3)

V The Rise of the Roman Republic, 509 to 287 B.C.

(19)

Sources of Information for Early Republican History

(1)

From Kingship to Republic

(2)

The Early Republican Constitution

(2)

The Priesthoods and Priestly Colleges

(2)

Social and Political Conflicts, 509 to 287 B.C.

(1)

Growing Plebeian Self-Consciousness and Political Organization

(1)

The Decemvirs and the Laws of the Twelve Tables

(1)

Post-Decemviral Developments

(2)

A New Period of Reform

(2)

The Creation of a New Nobility and Further Changes in the Magistracies

(2)

The Realities of the Roman Republican Constitution after 287 B.C.

(3)

VI The Roman Conquest of Italy and Its Impact, 509 to 264 B.C.

(14)

Conflicts with Immediate Neighbors

(2)

The Gallic Sack of Rome

(1)

Up from the Ashes

(1)

Initial Conquests in Central Italy

(1)

The Roman System of Alliances and Citizen Communities

(1)

The Final Conquest of Central Italy

(2)

The Pyrrhic Wars and the Conquest of Southern Italy

(1)

Reasons for Roman Success in Italy

(1)

The Economic and Cultural Position of Rome in Italy by 264 B.C.

(3)

Literature

(2)

PART TWO THE HIGH POINT OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

(63)

VII The First Punic War and the Beginning of Overseas Imperialism, 264 to 241 B.C.

(8)

Sources for Roman History from 264 to 133 B.C.

(1)

A New Chapter in Rome's Expansion

(1)

Carthage

(2)

Outbreak of the First Punic War in 264 B.C.

(1)

Causes of the War

(1)

Initial Carthaginian Setbacks, 263 and 262 B.C.

(1)

Expansion of the War

(1)

A Titanic Struggle, 260 to 241 B.C.

(2)

Roman Peace Terms, 241 B.C.

(1)

VIII Between the Wars, 241 to 218 B.C.

(8)

The Truceless War and Roman Trickery, 241 B.C.

(1)

Carthaginian Recovery

(1)

The Ebro Treaty

(1)

Roman Problems after 241 B.C.

(1)

Provincial Governors

(1)

The Praetor Peregrinus

(1)

An International System of Law

(1)

Gaius Flaminius and the Problems of Reform

(1)

The Gallic Wars and Conquest of Northern Italy, 225 to 222 B.C.

(1)

The Reform of the Centuriate Assembly

(1)

Other Reforms of the Period

(1)

The Illyrian Wars, 229 to 228 and 220 to 219 B.C.

(1)

Further Developments in Spain

(2)

IX The Second Punic War, 218 to 201 B.C.

(9)

Causes of the Second Punic War

(1)

Hannibal's War Strategy

100

(1)

Roman War Plans

100

(1)

Hannibal's March to the Alps

100

(1)

Hannibal's Early Victories, 218 and 217 B.C.

101

(1)

Fabius Maximus, Cunctator, 217 B.C.

102

(1)

The Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.

103

(1)

The Roman Recovery

103

(1)

The First Macedonian War, 215 to 205 B.C.

104

(1)

The War in Spain, 218 to 211 B.C.

104

(1)

Scipio Africanus

104

(1)

The Battle at the Metaurus and Death of Hasdrubal, 207 B.C.

105

(1)

The End Approaches

105

(1)

The Battle of Zama (Naraggara), 202 B.C.

106

(1)

Peace Terms

106

(1)

Reasons for Roman Success

106

(1)

The Fate of Hannibal

106

(2)

X War and Imperialism in the Hellenistic East, 200 to 133 B.C.

108

(10)

The Background of Roman Expansion in the East

108

(1)

Antiochus III of Syria and Philip V of Macedon

109

(1)

The Second Macedonian War, 200 to 196 B.C.

110

(2)

The Aggressions of Antiochus the Great, 196 to 192 B.C.

112

(1)

The War with Antiochus III, 192 to 189 B.C.

113

(1)

Antiochus Offers Peace Terms

113

(1)

The Aftermath

114

(1)

The Third Macedonian War, 171 to 167 B.C.

114

(1)

The Fourth Macedonian War, 149 to 148 B.C.

115

(1)

Greece after Pydna, 168 B.C.

115

(1)

Rhodes and Pergamum

116

(1)

The Seleucid Monarchy

116

(1)

The Jewish Revolt of the Maccabees

116

(1)

Review of Roman Imperialism in the East, 200 to 133 B.C.

117

(1)

XI Roman Imperialism in the West, 200 to 133 B.C.

118

(6)

Northern Italy

118

(1)

The Subjugation of Spain

119

(1)

The Third Punic War, 149 to 146 B.C.

120

(2)

The Viriathic and Numantine Wars in Spain, 151 to 133 B.C.

122

(2)

XII The Transformation of Roman Life, 264 to 133 B.C.

124

(12)

Agriculture

124

(2)

The Growth of Industry, Trade, and Commerce

126

(1)

Rising Social Discontent

127

(4)

The Advancement of Upper-Class Women

131

(1)

Political Developments

131

(5)

XIII The Great Cultural Synthesis, 264 to 133 B.C.

136

(10)

Architecture and Art

136

(1)

Literature

137

(1)

Specialization after Ennius

138

(2)

Prose Literature

140

(2)

Philosophy

142

(1)

Law

143

(1)

Religion

144

(1)

Education

145

(1)

PART THREE THE WORLD OF THE LATE REPUBLIC

146

(100)

XIV The Gracchi and the Struggle over Land Reform, 133 to 121 B.C.

146

(10)

Sources for the Period of the Gracchi, 133 to 121 B.C.

146

(1)

The Lack of Military Recruits

146

(1)

The Tribuneship of Tiberius Gracchus, 133 B.C.

147

(1)

Tiberius' Motives

148

(2)

The Land Commission and Its Impact

150

(1)

Rome's Allies and the Death of Scipio

151

(1)

Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of the Plebs, 123 to 122 B.C.

152

(1)

The Reforms of Gaius Gracchus

152

(2)

Livius Drusus

154

(1)

The Fall and Death of Gaius Gracchus

155

(1)

XV The Breakdown of the System, 121 to 88 B.C.

156

(11)

Sources for the Period from 121 to 88 B.C.

156

(1)

Populares and Optimates

157

(1)

The Senatus Consultum Ultimum

158

(1)

Post-Gracchan Land Legislation

158

(1)

Colonization

158

(1)

The Jugurthine War and the Rise of Gaius Marius, 111 to 106 B.C.

159

(3)

The Political Fall of Marius

162

(2)

A Decade of Optimate Reaction

164

(1)

The Italian or Social War, 90 to 88 B.C.

164

(1)

The Aftermath of the Social War

165

(2)

XVI Marius and Sulla: Civil War and Reaction, 88 to 78 B.C.

167

(8)

Sources for the Years 88 to 78 B.C.

167

(1)

Mithridates VI Eupator (134 to 63 B.C.)

167

(1)

The Rise of Sulla (138 to 78 B.C.)

168

(1)

Cinna's Consulship, 87 B.C.

169

(1)

Marius and His Reign of Terror

169

(1)

The Significance of Marius

170

(1)

Cinna's Time (Cinnanum Tempus)

170

(1)

Sulla and Mithridates, 87 to 85 B.C.

170

(1)

Sulla's Return to Italy, 83 to 82 B.C.

171

(1)

Sulla's Reign of Terror, 82 B.C.

171

(1)

Sulla's Dictatorship and Changes in the Constitution

172

(1)

The Failure of Sulla

173

(2)

XVII Personal Ambitions and Public Crises, 78 to 60 B.C.

175

(15)

Sources for Roman History from 78 to 30 B.C.

175

(1)

The Rebellion of Lepidus, 78 B.C.

176

(1)

The War against Sertorius (ca. 122 to 73 B.C.)

176

(1)

The Rise of Pompey the Great (106 to 48 B.C.)

177

(1)

Lucullus and the Great (Third) Mithridatic War, 74 to 63 B.C.

177

(1)

Spartacus and the Slave War in Italy, 73 to 71 B.C.

178

(1)

Marcus Licinius Crassus (ca. 115 to 53 B.C.)

179

(1)

The Consulship of Pompey and Crassus, 70 B.C.

180

(1)

The Trial of Gaius Verres, 70 B.C.

180

(1)

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 to 43 B.C.)

180

(1)

Caesar (100 to 44 B.C.)

181

(1)

Opportunistic Tribunes

182

(1)

Pompey's Commissions against the Pirates and Mithridates, 67 and 66 B.C.

182

(1)

Pompey's Conquest of the East, 66 to 62 B.C.

183

(1)

The Maneuverings of Crassus and Caesar

184

(2)

The Catilinarian Conspiracy, 63 B.C.

186

(1)

Cicero's Hopes for the Future

186

(1)

The Reaction against Pompey

187

(3)

XVIII The Rise of Caesar, 60 to 52 B.C.

190

(8)

The So-Called First Triumvirate

190

(1)

Caesar's Legislation

191

(1)

P. Clodius Pulcher and the Banishment of Cicero, 58 B.C.

192

(1)

Caesar in Gaul

193

(2)

The Political Situation in Rome, 58 to 56 B.C.

195

(1)

The Gallic Wars Continued, 56 to 52 B.C.

196

(2)

XIX Caesar Wins and Is Lost, Mid-50s to 44 B.C.

198

(11)

The Downfall of Crassus, 54 to 53 B.C.

198

(1)

The Fateful Rivalry between Pompey and Caesar

199

(1)

The Death of Clodius, 52 B.C.

199

(1)

Pompey Sole Consul, 52 B.C.

199

(1)

Prelude to Civil War

200

(1)

Caesar Crosses the Rubicon

200

(1)

Caesar Reorganizes the Government

201

(1)

Caesar in Spain, 49 B.C.

201

(1)

Caesar's Second Consulship, 48 B.C.

202

(1)

The Death of Pompey, 48 B.C.

202

(1)

Caesar in Egypt, 48 to 47 B.C.

202

(1)

Caesar in Italy, 47 B.C.

203

(1)

The African Campaign, 46 B.C.

203

(1)

Thapsus and the Death of Cato, 47 to 46 B.C.

203

(1)

Caesar's Homecoming and Triumph, 46 B.C.

204

(1)

The Spanish Campaign, 45 B.C.

204

(1)

Caesar's Work of Reconstruction

204

(3)

The Assassination of Julius Caesar, March 15, 44 B.C.

207

(1)

The Question of Monarchy

207

(1)

The Significance of Caesar

208

(1)

XX The Last Days of the Republic, 44 to 30 B.C.

209

(15)

The Rise of Marcus Antonius (ca. 83 to 30 B.C.)

209

(1)

The Opposition of Octavian (63 B.C. to A.D. 14)

210

(1)

Cicero, Antonius, and Octavian

211

(2)

The Triumvirate of Octavian, Antonius, and Lepidus

213

(1)

The Battle of Philippi, 42 B.C.

214

(2)

The Predominance of Antonius, 39 to 37 B.C.

216

(1)

Octavian Consolidates His Power

216

(2)

Antonius and Cleopatra in the East

218

(1)

The Approach of Renewed Civil War

219

(1)

The Battle of Actium, September 2, 31 B.C.

220

(1)

The Deaths of Antonius and Cleopatra

221

(1)

The End of the Republic

221

(3)

XXI Social, Economic, and Cultural Life in the Late Republic, ca. 133 to 30 B.C.

224

(22)

Land and Veterans

224

(1)

Agriculture

224

(1)

Industry and Commerce

225

(2)

The Concentration of Wealth

227

(1)

Life for the Rural and Urban Poor

228

(1)

Slaves and Freedmen

229

(1)

Italians and Provincials

230

(1)

Women in the Late Republic

230

(2)

New Waves of Hellenization

232

(1)

Education

232

(1)

Law and the Legal System

233

(1)

The Religious World of the Late Republic

234

(1)

Greek Philosophy and the Roman Elite

235

(1)

Art and Architecture

236

(2)

Late Republican Oratory, Literature and Thought

238

(2)

The Novi Poetae

240

(1)

Catullus (ca. 85 to ca. 54 B.C.)

240

(1)

Lucretius (ca. 94 to ca. 55 B.C.)

241

(1)

Cicero (106 to 43 B.C.)

242

(1)

Sallust (86 to ca. 34 B.C.)

243

(1)

Caesar (100 to 44 B.C.)

244

(1)

Scholarship and Patriotic Antiquarianism

244

(2)

PART FOUR THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE

246

(127)

XXII The Principate of Augustus, 29 B.C. to A.D. 14

246

(9)

Sources for the Augustan Principate

246

(1)

The Triumphal Return to Rome, 29 B.C.

246

(1)

Problems to Be Faced

247

(1)

Special Titles

247

(1)

Creating the Principate

248

(4)

The Nature of the Principate

252

(1)

The Problem of Succession

253

(2)

XXIII Systematic Reform under Augustus

255

(10)

The Creation of a Central Administration

255

(2)

The Manipulation of the Popular Assemblies

257

(1)

The Administration of Justice

258

(1)

Military Reforms

258

(2)

Protection of the Emperor

260

(1)

Fiscal Reforms

260

(1)

Social Reforms

261

(2)

Religious Reforms

263

(2)

XXIV Imperial Stabilization under Augustus

265

(12)

Improved Provincial Administration

265

(3)

New Territories and Provinces

268

(1)

The West

268

(1)

The East

269

(2)

Road Building

271

(1)

The Imperial Post (Cursus Publicus)

271

(2)

Colonization

273

(1)

Urbanization of the Provinces

273

(1)

Growth of the Imperial Cult

273

(3)

The Death of Augustus

276

(1)

XXV The Impact of Augustus on Roman Imperial Life and Culture

277

(18)

The Population and Economic Impact of Rome

277

(1)

Agriculture

278

(1)

Agricultural Wealth and Urbanization

278

(2)

Nonagricultural Trade and Industry

280

(1)

The Roman Imperial Coinage

281

(1)

Architecture and Art

282

(4)

Literature

286

(1)

Vergil (70 to 19 B.C.)

287

(1)

Horace (65 to 8 B.C.)

288

(1)

The Latin Elegy

289

(1)

Latin Prose Writers

290

(2)

The Impact of Augustus on Latin Literature

292

(1)

Greek Writers

292

(1)

Scholarly and Technical Writings

293

(1)

Jurisprudence

293

(1)

Law Schools

294

(1)

The Augustan Achievement

294

(1)

XXVI The First Two Julio-Claudian Emperors: Tiberius and Gaius (Caligula), A.D. 14 to 41

295

(12)

Sources for the Julio-Claudians

295

(2)

Tiberius (A.D. 14 to 37)

297

(1)

Germanicus

298

(2)

Sejanus

300

(1)

The Law of Treason (Maiestas)

301

(1)

Tiberius and the Senate: The Increasing Power of the Princeps

301

(1)

Tiberius the Administrator

302

(1)

Last Years and Succession

303

(1)

Caligula (A.D. 37 to 41)

304

(1)

Caligula's Foreign and Provincial Policies

305

(1)

Assassination

306

(1)

XXVII Claudius, Nero, and the End of the Julio-Claudians, A.D. 41 to 68

307

(11)

Claudius (A.D. 41 to 54)

307

(1)

The Political Philosophy and Policies of Claudius

308

(1)

Foreign Policy and Imperial Defense

309

(2)

Colonization and Urbanization in the Provinces

311

(1)

Claudius' Wives

311

(1)

Nero (A.D. 54 to 68)

312

(1)

Nero Asserts Himself

313

(1)

Nero and the Great Fire of Rome, 64

313

(1)

Nero's Persecution of the Christians

314

(1)

Reform of the Currency

314

(1)

Plots against the Throne

315

(1)

Nero's Concert Tour of Greece, 66 to 67

315

(1)

Nero's Foreign Policy

315

(1)

The Jewish Revolt

316

(1)

The Revolt of Vindex, 68

317

(1)

The Fall of Nero, 68

317

(1)

XXVIII The Crisis of the Principate and Recovery under the Flavians, A.D. 69 to 96

318

(11)

Sources

318

(1)

Galba (68 to 69)

318

(1)

Otho (69)

319

(1)

Vitellius (69)

319

(1)

Significant Trends

320

(1)

Vespasian (69 to 79)

320

(1)

The Restoration of Peace

320

(2)

Reform of the Army

322

(1)

Provincial Policy

322

(1)

The Near East

323

(1)

Vespasian's Relations with the Senate

323

(1)

The Expansion of Executive Power

323

(1)

Fiscal Administration

324

(1)

The Opposition to Vespasian

324

(1)

Vespasian's Death, 79

324

(1)

Titus (79 to 81)

325

(1)

Domitian (81 to 96)

325

(2)

The Rebellion of Saturninus, 89

327

(1)

The Dacian Frontier, 85 to 93

327

(1)

Conspiracies and Treason Trials

327

(1)

The Murder of Domitian, 96

327

(2)

XXIX The "Good" Emperors of the Second Century, A.D. 96 to 180

329

(16)

Sources

329

(1)

Nerva (96 to 98)

330

(1)

Trajan (98 to 117)

330

(1)

A Model Emperor

331

(1)

Trajan's Wars

332

(1)

The Death of Trajan, 117

333

(1)

The Effects of Trajan's Wars

333

(1)

Hadrian (117 to 138)

333

(1)

The Early Years of Hadrian's Principate

333

(1)

Hadrian's Travels

334

(1)

The Jewish Revolt

335

(1)

New Directions under Hadrian

335

(3)

The Last Years of Hadrian

338

(1)

Antoninus Pius (138 to 161)

338

(1)

Maintaining the Status Quo

339

(1)

The Legacy of Antoninus

340

(1)

Marcus Aurelius (161 to 180)

340

(1)

Persecution of the Christians

341

(1)

Marcus Aurelius as Emperor and Soldier

341

(2)

The Question of Succession

343

(1)

Problems for the Future

344

(1)

XXX Imperial Culture and Society in the First Two Centuries A.D.

345

(28)

Post-Augustan Imperial Literature

345

(1)

Poverty of Literature under Tiberius and Caligula

346

(1)

History

347

(1)

Reference Works

347

(1)

Poetry

347

(1)

The Inauguration of the Silver Age in Literature under Claudius and Nero

348

(1)

Technical Writing and Scholarship

349

(2)

Science and Medicine

351

(1)

Philology and Literary Scholarship

351

(1)

Lack of Great Literature under the Flavians, A.D. 69 to 96

352

(1)

Resurgence of Literature under the Five Good Emperors

353

(2)

Resurgence of Greek Literature

355

(1)

The Second Sophistic

356

(1)

Christian Writers

357

(1)

Philosophy

357

(1)

Religion

358

(1)

Mystery Cults

358

(1)

Christianity

359

(2)

Architecture in the First Two Centuries A.D.

361

(4)

Architecture in the Provinces

365

(1)

Sculpture

365

(2)

Painting

367

(1)

Mosaics, Coins, and Medallions

367

(1)

Social Developments

368

(1)

Economic Trends

369

(2)

Inherent Economic and Fiscal Weakness of the Roman Empire

371

(1)

The Failure of Ancient Technology

372

(1)

PART FIVE CRISIS, CONTINUITY, AND CHANGE IN THE THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES

373

(116)

XXXI Crisis and Temporary Recovery A.D. 180 to 235

373

(11)

Sources for Roman History, A.D. 180 to 285

374

(1)

Commodus (180 to 192)

374

(1)

Pertinax and Didius Julianus, 193

375

(1)

The Accession of Septimius Severus

376

(1)

New Sources of Imperial Authority and Legitimacy

377

(1)

Systematic Reform

377

(2)

The Second Parthian War, 197 to 199

379

(1)

The War in Britain, 208 to 211

380

(1)

Caracalla (211 to 217)

380

(1)

Macrinus (217 to 218)

381

(1)

Impressive Syrian Queens

381

(1)

Elagabalus (218 to 222)

381

(1)

Severus Alexander (222 to 235)

382

(1)

Social and Economic Policy

382

(1)

The Military Problem

382

(1)

The Importance of the Severi

383

(1)

XXXII The Third-Century Anarchy, A.D. 235 to 285

384

(12)

Reasons for the Crisis

384

(1)

Maximinus Thrax (235 to 238)

385

(1)

Gordian III (238 to 244)

386

(1)

Philip the Arab (244 to 249)

386

(1)

Decius (249 to 251)

387

(1)

Gallus (251 to 253) and Aemilianus (253)

387

(1)

Valerian (253 to 260) and Gallienus (253 to 268)

387

(1)

The Eclipse of Roman Power in the East

388

(1)

Palmyra

389

(1)

The Last Battles of Gallienus, 268

389

(1)

The Reforms of Gallienus

390

(1)

An Assessment of Gallienus

391

(1)

Claudius Gothicus (268 to 270)

391

(1)

Aurelian (270 to 275)

391

(2)

Tacitus (275 to 276)

393

(1)

Probus (276 to 282)

394

(1)

Carus and His Sons, Carinus and Numerianus (282 to 285)

394

(2)

XXXIII Changes in Roman Life and Culture during the Third Century

396

(19)

Economic Life

396

(3)

Social Trends

399

(3)

Third-Century Cultural Life

402

(1)

Religion

403

(4)

Science and Philosophy

407

(1)

Education and the World of Letters

407

(5)

Art and Architecture

412

(2)

Summary and Prospect

414

(1)

XXXIV Diocletian: Creating the Fourth-Century Empire, A.D. 285 to 305

415

(12)

Sources for Roman History during the Fourth Century A.D.

415

(2)

The Rise of Diocletian

417

(1)

The Tetrarchy, 293 to 312

418

(1)

Diocletian's Reforms

419

(6)

Persecution of the Christians

425

(1)

The Abdication

426

(1)

XXXV Constantine the Great and Christianity, A.D. 306 to 337

427

(11)

The Rise of Constantine, 306 to 312

427

(3)

A Victory for Christianity

430

(1)

The End of Maximinus Daia, 313

431

(1)

The Empire Divided, 313 to 324

431

(1)

The Donatist Schism

431

(1)

The Arian Heresy

432

(1)

The Defeat and Death of Licinius, 324

432

(1)

The Council of Nicaea, 325

433

(1)

Constantine's Secular Policies

433

(2)

The Founding of Constantinople, 324 to 330

435

(1)

The Death of Constantine the Great, 337

436

(2)

XXXVI From Constantine's Dynasty to Theodosius the Great, A.D. 337 to 395

438

(7)

Murder and Civil War

438

(2)

Julian the Apostate Emperor (361 to 363)

440

(1)

Jovian Proclaimed Emperor (late June 363)

441

(1)

Valentinian I and Valens, 364 to 378

441

(1)

Gratian and Theodosius the Great, 379 to 395

442

(1)

The Death of Theodosius and the Division of the Empire, 395

443

(2)

XXXVII The Evolving World of Late Antiquity in the Fourth Century A.D.

445

(19)

Economic Conditions

445

(3)

The Social Context

448

(14)

Summary

462

(2)

XXXVIII Christianity and Classical Culture in the Fourth Century

464

(25)

Christianity and the Expansion of Classical Culture

464

(5)

The Educated World of Letters

469

(7)

Christian Literature of the Fourth Century

476

(3)

Fourth-Century Art and Architecture

479

(10)

PART SIX THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROMAN WORLD IN LATE ANTIQUITY

489

(58)

XXXIX The Fifth-Century West: The Localization of Imperial Power under Germanic Kings

489

(10)

Sources for Roman History from 395 to 518

489

(2)

Problems and Weaknesses

491

(1)

Stilicho

492

(1)

Alaric Attacks Rome

493

(1)

The Visigothic Migration and Settlement after Alaric

494

(1)

The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi

494

(1)

Galla Placidia, Valentinian III, and Aetius

494

(1)

The Huns

495

(1)

Attila

495

(1)

The Burgundians

496

(1)

The Franks

496

(1)

Angles, Saxons, and Jutes

496

(1)

The Vandals in Africa

496

(1)

The End of Aetius' Ascendancy

496

(1)

The Death of Valentinian III and the End of Theodosius' Dynasty in the West

497

(1)

The Final Collapse of Central Authority

497

(2)

XL Fifth-Century Empresses and the Survival of the Empire in the East, A.D. 395 to 518

499

(7)

The Weak Men and Powerful Women of the Theodosian Dynasty (395 to 450)

499

(2)

Persians and Huns, 408 to 450

501

(1)

Christian Controversies and Imperial Politics

501

(1)

German and Isaurian Generals

502

(1)

Pulcheria and Marcian (450 to 457)

502

(1)

Leo I (457 to 474)

502

(1)

Leo II (473 to 474) and Zeno (474 to 491)

503

(1)

Religious Controversies Continued

503

(1)

Anastasius (491 to 518)

504

(1)

Reforms

504

(2)

XLI Justin and the Establishment of Justinian's Autocracy, A.D. 518 to 532

506

(9)

Sources for the Period of Justin and Justinian

506

(1)

The Reign of Justin (518 to 527)

507

(1)

Justinian's Goals

507

(1)

Theodora

508

(1)

Religious Policies of Theodora and Justinian

508

(1)

Legal Reforms

509

(1)

Administrative Reforms

509

(1)

John the Cappadocian

510

(1)

Administration and Finance after John

511

(1)

The First Persian War

512

(1)

Circus Factions and the Nika Rebellion

512

(1)

The Rebuilding of Constantinople

513

(2)

XLII The Impossible Dream of Universal Empire, A.D. 532 to 602

515

(9)

Reconquest of the North African Provinces, 533 to 534

515

(1)

Italy

516

(1)

Troubles in North Africa

517

(1)

The Second Persian War, 540 to 562

517

(1)

Resumption of War in Italy, 541 to 543

518

(1)

Troubles Everywhere

518

(1)

Belisarius Returns to Face Totila in Italy

518

(1)

The Lazic War, 549 to 557

519

(1)

Peace in the East

519

(1)

Disaster in Italy, 549 to 551

519

(1)

The Recovery of Italy, 552 to 562

519

(1)

Wars on Other Fronts, 544 to 561

520

(1)

Successes and Failures of Justinian's Reign

521

(3)

XLIII The Transformation of the Late Antique Roman World, A.D. 395 to 600

524

(18)

The Economy

524

(3)

Social and Demographic Changes

527

(5)

The New Cultural Spirit

532

(7)

Art and Architecture

539

(3)

XLIV The Church and the Legacy of Rome

542

(5)

Transmitting the Roman Classical Legacy

542

(2)

The Imperial Church

544

(3)

Bibliography

547

(12)

Index

559

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History of the Roman People, A

History of the Roman People, A

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0138965986

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

History of the Roman People, A

History of the Roman People, A

9780138965983

0138965986

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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