9780781796446

High-Yield(TM) Biostatistics, Third Edition provides a concise review of the biostatistics concepts that are tested in the USMLE Step 1. Information is presented in an easy-to-follow format, with High-Yield Points that help students focus on the most important USMLE Step 1 facts. Each chapter includes review questions, and an appendix provides answers with explanations. This updated edition includes additional information on epidemiology/public health. The improved, more readable format features briefer, bulleted paragraphs, more High-Yield Points, and boldfaced terms.

Preface

ix

Descriptive Statistics

1

(19)

Populations, samples, and elements

1

(2)

Probability

3

(1)

Types of data

4

(1)

Frequency distributions

5

(5)

Measures of central tendency

10

(2)

Measures of variability

12

(2)

Z scores

14

(3)

Exercises

17

(3)

Inferential Statistics

20

(12)

Statistics and parameters

20

(4)

Estimating the mean of a population

24

(5)

Exercises

29

(3)

Hypothesis Testing

32

(17)

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses

32

(1)

Step 2: Select the decision criterion a

33

(1)

Step 3: Establish the critical values

33

(1)

Step 4: Draw a random sample from the population and calculate the mean of that sample

34

(1)

Step 5: Calculate the standard deviation (S) and estimated standard error of the sample (sx)

35

(1)

Step 6: Calculate the value of t that corresponds to the mean of the sample (tcalc)

35

(1)

Step 7: Compare the calculated value of t with the critical values of t, and then accept or reject the null hypothesis

35

(1)

Z-tests

36

(1)

The meaning of statistical significance

36

(1)

Type I and type II errors

36

(2)

Power of statistical tests

38

(1)

Directional hypotheses

39

(2)

Testing for differences between groups

41

(1)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

42

(3)

Nonparametric and distribution-free tests

45

(1)

Exercises

46

(3)

Correlational Techniques

49

(8)

Correlation

49

(2)

Regression

51

(1)

Choosing an appropriate inferential or correlational technique

52

(2)

Exercises

54

(3)

Research Methods

57

(10)

Experimental studies

57

(4)

Nonexperimental studies

61

(3)

Exercises

64

(3)

Statistics in Epidemiology

67

(10)

Rates

67

(3)

Measurement of risk

70

(4)

Exercises

74

(3)

Statistics in Medical Decision Making

77

(11)

Validity

77

(1)

Reliability

78

(1)

Reference values

78

(1)

Sensitivity and specificity

79

(3)

Predictive values

82

(3)

Exercises

85

(3)

Ultra-High-Yield Review

88

(3)

Appendix: Exercise Answers

91

(8)

References

99

(2)

Index

101

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High-Yield™ Biostatistics

High-Yield™ Biostatistics

078179644X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials