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Forensic Psychology

by: Wrightsman, Lawrence S.

Forensic Psychology

by: Wrightsman, Lawrence S.

ISBN 13:
9780534526795
ISBN 10:
0534526799
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 08/07/2000
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Univ. of Kansas, Kansas City. Textbook includes a broad focus exposing the reader to a wide array of career opportunities. Includes coverage of clinical forensic psychology with practical information, case studies, and a discussion of the history of the field. For students.

Preface

xvii

About the Author

Information on the Internet

xxi

The Challenge of Forensic Psychology

(24)

What Is Forensic Psychology?

(1)

The Promise and the Problems of Forensic Psychology

(1)

The Conflict Between Psychology and the Law

(8)

Laws and Values

(1)

The Legal System's Reliance on Intuition Over Empiricism

(1)

Two Illustrative Court Decisions

(5)

The History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law

(5)

The Role of Hugo Munsterberg

(3)

Reaction of the Legal Community

(1)

A Period of Inactivity

(1)

Resurgence in the 1970s

(1)

The Present

(1)

The Perspectives of Psychology and the Law

(5)

What Determines Truth?

(3)

The Nature of Reality

(1)

The Legal System's Criticisms of Psychology

(1)

The Future of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Law

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

(1)

Roles and Responsibilities of Forensic Psychologists

(25)

The Multitude of Roles

(1)

The Temptations of Forensic Psychologists

(4)

Promising Too Much

(1)

Substituting Advocacy for Scientific Objectivity

(1)

Letting Values Overcome Empirically Based Findings

(2)

Doing a Cursory Job

(1)

Maintaining Dual Relationships and Competing Roles

(1)

Specific Roles: The Trial Consultant

(2)

Duties

(1)

Clientele

(1)

Conflicts With the Legal System

(1)

Ethical Responsibilities

(1)

Specific Roles: The Expert Witness

(9)

Duties

(2)

Clientele

(1)

Conflicts

(1)

Ethical Responsibilities

(2)

The Impact of the Daubert Decision

(4)

Specific Roles: The Preparation of Amicus Briefs

(6)

Duties

(2)

Differences Between Psychologists

(1)

Effectiveness

(1)

Ethical Considerations

(1)

Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

The Police: Selection, Training, and Evaluation

(21)

Psychology's Role in Police Work

(1)

Who Are the Clients?

(3)

The Public

(3)

The Police Department

(1)

The Selection of Police

(7)

A History of Psychology and Police Selection

(1)

Tools for Psychological Selection

(6)

The Training of Police

(6)

The Psychologist's Activities in a Police Department

(1)

The Curriculum of Training Programs

(1)

On-the-Job Training

(1)

Specialized Training: Responses to Spouse Assault

(1)

Negotiating With Terrorists and Hostage Takers

(3)

Evaluating Effectiveness of Police Activities

(2)

Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations

(1)

Community Policing

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

(2)

Criminal Profiling

(30)

Criminal Profiling and Forensic Psychology

(1)

Why Develop Criminal Profiles?

(3)

The Extent of Serial Criminal Behavior

(1)

Recurring Mysteries

(1)

False Stereotypes and Simplified Assumptions

(1)

Current Needs for Profiling

(3)

Arsonists

(1)

Serial Bombers

(2)

What Is Criminal Profiling?

(5)

Definitions

(1)

Three Approaches to Criminal Profiling

(5)

Criminal-Profiling Procedures Used by the Police and the FBI

(11)

The ``Mad Bomber''

(2)

Procedures

(3)

How Effective Is Criminal Profiling?

(4)

Psychological Autopsies in Unexpected or Equivocal Deaths

(5)

General Guidelines

(1)

Specific Cases

(3)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Suggested Readings

100

(1)

Hypnosis and Lie Detection in Criminal Investigation

101

(19)

Forensic Psychology and Police Investigative Techniques

102

(1)

Hypnosis in Criminal Investigations

102

(5)

Advocacy: Martin Reiser's Position

102

(1)

The ``Hillside Strangler'' Case

103

(1)

Hypnosis of Witnesses and Victims

104

(1)

Supportive Research Reviews

104

(1)

When Is Hypnosis Beneficial?

104

(2)

Conclusions

106

(1)

Court Decisions

106

(1)

Guidelines

106

(1)

The Cognitive Interview

107

(1)

The Polygraph Technique

108

(4)

Using the Polygraph to Interrogate Criminal Suspects

108

(1)

A Psychological Analysis of the Polygraph Procedure

109

(2)

The Floyd Fay Case

111

(1)

Research Evaluation

112

(4)

Criticisms of the Polygraph's Claims of Validity

112

(2)

The Current Legal Status

114

(2)

The Role of the Psychologist as a Psychometric Expert

116

(2)

Summary

118

(1)

Key Terms

118

(1)

Suggested Readings

119

(1)

Improving Eyewitness Identification Procedures

120

(20)

Gathering Useful Information From Eyewitnesses

121

(5)

System Variables Versus Estimator Variables

122

(1)

Improper Police Procedures

122

(4)

Questioning Witnesses (Information Generation)

126

(3)

Lack of Training

126

(1)

Interview Content

126

(1)

Failure to Recognize the Dynamics of the Interview

126

(2)

Improving the Accuracy of Witnesses' Information

128

(1)

Lineups and Photo Arrays

129

(4)

Common Errors

131

(1)

Operational Rules

132

(1)

Children as Eyewitnesses

133

(1)

Public Policy Issues

133

(4)

Recent Statute-of-Limitation Laws

133

(1)

Judges' Decisions on the Admissibility of Expert Testimony

134

(2)

Supreme Court Decisions

136

(1)

Summary

137

(1)

Key Terms

138

(1)

Suggested Readings

139

(1)

Police Interrogations and Confessions

140

(26)

The Importance of a Confession

141

(1)

The Paul Ingram Case

141

(2)

The Charges

141

(1)

Interrogation Procedures

142

(1)

Ingram's Response

142

(1)

Evaluating the Accuracy of Ingram's Confession

142

(1)

The Outcome

143

(1)

The Forensic Psychologist and Police Interrogations

143

(1)

The Psychology of False Confessions

143

(4)

Three Types of False Confessions

143

(3)

How Many Confessions Are False?

146

(1)

False Confessions in the Laboratory

147

(1)

The Role of Police Interrogations in Generating Confessions

147

(11)

The Goals of Interrogation

148

(2)

What Police Can and Can't Do

150

(8)

What Can Psychologists Contribute?

158

(5)

The Police as Client

158

(3)

The Courts as Client

161

(2)

Society as Client

163

(1)

Summary

163

(1)

Key Terms

164

(1)

Suggested Readings

164

(2)

Alternative Dispute Resolution and Trial Preparation

166

(24)

Overview

167

(2)

Forensic Psychologists as Trial Consultants

167

(1)

``Trial'' Consultant or ``Litigation'' Consultant?

167

(1)

Mediators: A Different Type of Trial Consultant

167

(1)

Pretrial Activities

168

(1)

Ethical Issues

168

(1)

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

169

(5)

Examples of Conflict

170

(1)

Conflict Resolution Versus Conflict Settlement

170

(1)

Third-Party Mediators

171

(2)

A Conceptualization of Effective Negotiation

173

(1)

Evaluation of Mediation's Effectiveness

174

(1)

Change of Venue Requests

174

(6)

Origin of Request

174

(1)

The Litigation Consultant's Activities

175

(1)

Effects of Pretrial Publicity

176

(1)

Testifying at a Hearing

177

(1)

A Case Study

177

(2)

Sequestered Voir Dire

179

(1)

Witness Preparation

180

(3)

Two Real-Life Examples

180

(2)

What Is Proper and What Is Not

182

(1)

Organizing the Case

183

(4)

Opening Statements

183

(3)

Presentation of the Evidence

186

(1)

Closing Arguments

187

(1)

Summary

187

(1)

Key Terms

188

(1)

Suggested Readings

188

(2)

Jury Selection

190

(23)

When Lawyers and Litigation Consultants Disagree

191

(2)

Conflicts in Styles and Values

191

(1)

Examples of Attorneys' Stereotypes

192

(1)

What Do Psychologists Do?

193

(1)

Two Approaches to Jury Selection

193

(1)

Broad Attitudes and Traits

193

(1)

Case-Specific Approaches

194

(1)

Measurement of Juror Bias

194

(8)

Criminal Trials

194

(6)

Civil Trials

200

(2)

Case-Specific Approaches

202

(3)

The Harrisburg Seven Trial

203

(1)

The de la Beckwith Retrial

204

(1)

Does Scientific Jury Selection Work?

205

(1)

Is It Ethical for Psychologists to Aid in Jury Selection?

206

(5)

Juror Investigation

207

(1)

Use of Supplemental Juror Questionnaires

208

(1)

Discovery and Attorney Work Product

209

(1)

Fairness in Jury Selection

210

(1)

The Relationship of the Trial Consultant to the Attorney

210

(1)

Summary

211

(1)

Key Terms

211

(1)

Suggested Readings

212

(1)

Insanity and Competency

213

(22)

Overview

214

(1)

Determining Insanity

214

(4)

Why Is Determining Insanity Difficult?

214

(1)

Differences Between Insanity and Psychosis

214

(4)

Psychologists' Roles in Insanity Cases

218

(6)

Assessment of Criminal Responsibility

218

(1)

Testifying as an Expert Witness

219

(1)

The Hinckley Trial

220

(1)

The Dahmer Trial

220

(2)

Ultimate-Issue Testimony

222

(2)

Assessing Competency

224

(6)

Competency to Plead Guilty

225

(1)

Competency to Stand Trial

225

(4)

Competency of Juveniles

229

(1)

Risk Assessment

230

(1)

Predicting Suicide

230

(1)

Predicting Danger to Others

230

(1)

Malingering

231

(2)

Summary

233

(1)

Key Terms

233

(1)

Suggested Readings

234

(1)

Battered Woman Syndrome and Domestic Violence

235

(25)

The Nature of Domestic Violence

236

(2)

What Characterizes an Abuser?

236

(1)

Roles for the Forensic Psychologist

237

(1)

The Extent of Domestic Violence and Spouse Battering

238

(1)

Reports of Incidence Rates

238

(1)

The National Response

238

(1)

Myths About the Battered Woman

239

(5)

Empirical Evaluation of the Myths

241

(1)

Why These Myths?

241

(3)

Battered Woman Syndrome

244

(4)

What Is a Syndrome?

244

(1)

Components of Battered Woman Syndrome

244

(1)

The Relationship of BWS to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

245

(1)

The Role of the Forensic Psychologist in the Assessment of BWS

246

(2)

BWS in Court

248

(3)

Battered Women Who Kill Their Abusers

248

(1)

Possible Defenses for a Woman Who Has Killed Her Batterer

248

(1)

Self-Defense

248

(3)

The Insanity Defense

251

(1)

Cross-Examination of the Battered Woman

251

(1)

Using a Psychologist as an Expert Witness on BWS

252

(2)

Reasons for Using an Expert Witness

252

(2)

Procedural and Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Expert Witnesses

254

(1)

Admissibility of Expert Testimony

254

(1)

The Stance of the Expert Witness---Objectivity or Advocacy?

255

(1)

Jurors' Reactions to BWS as Defense Evidence

255

(1)

Criticisms of the Use of BWS and the Battered Woman Defense

256

(2)

Defense of Women at Trial

257

(1)

Perpetuating the Battered Woman Stereotype as a Passive, Helpless Woman

257

(1)

The Scientific Validity of BWS

257

(1)

Summary

258

(1)

Key Terms

258

(1)

Suggested Readings

259

(1)

Rape Trauma Syndrome

260

(15)

A Typical Rape Case

261

(1)

Purpose of the Chapter

261

(1)

What Is the Rape Trauma Syndrome?

261

(5)

Phase I: Acute Crisis Phase

262

(2)

Phase II: Long-Term Reactions

264

(1)

The Relationship of Rape Trauma Syndrome to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

265

(1)

What Can a Psychologist Do?

266

(1)

Assessment

266

(1)

Testimony as an Expert Witness

267

(2)

The Issue of Consent

268

(1)

Questions About the Behavior of the Alleged Victim

268

(1)

Supporting a Claim of Damages in a Civil Suit

268

(1)

Testifying as a Defense for Culpable Behavior by a Rape Survivor

268

(1)

The Admissibility of Psychological Testimony

269

(2)

The Scientific Status of Research on RTS

271

(1)

Substituting PTSD for RTS

272

(1)

Summary

273

(1)

Key Terms

273

(1)

Suggested Readings

273

(2)

The Sexual Abuse of Children

275

(17)

The Emergence of Concern About Sexual Child Abuse

276

(1)

The McMartin Preschool Case

276

(1)

The Charges and the Trials

276

(1)

Sexual Child Abuse in Schools and Day Care Centers

277

(1)

Roles for Psychologists

277

(1)

Evaluating the Child

277

(1)

Assessing Competency to Testify

278

(1)

Preparing the Child to Testify

278

(1)

Testifying as an Expert Witness

278

(1)

Assessing Allegations by a Child

278

(6)

Interviewing Techniques

279

(1)

The Criterion-Based Content Analysis Technique

280

(1)

Using Anatomically Detailed Dolls

281

(2)

Suggestions for Improving Procedures

283

(1)

Determining Whether a Child Is Competent to Testify

284

(1)

Children's Rights When Testifying

285

(2)

Psychologists as Expert Witnesses

287

(3)

Testimony for the Prosecution

287

(3)

Testimony for the Defense

290

(1)

Summary

290

(1)

Key Terms

291

(1)

Suggested Readings

291

(1)

Child Custody Decisions

292

(22)

The Intensity of Child Custody Disputes

293

(1)

What Roles Can Psychologists Play?

294

(3)

Marriage Counselor

294

(1)

Mediator

294

(1)

Child Therapist

295

(1)

Court-Appointed Evaluator

296

(1)

Expert Witness

297

(1)

Applied Researcher

297

(1)

Serving the Needs of Three Different Types of Clients

297

(1)

The Children

298

(1)

The Parents

298

(1)

The Judge

298

(1)

The Court-Appointed Evaluator Role

298

(11)

Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes

298

(2)

Custody Determinations in Mixed-Race Cases or Cases Involving a Homosexual Parent

300

(1)

Ethical Issues and Temptations

301

(2)

Techniques of Custody Evaluation

303

(6)

The Expert Witness Role

309

(1)

Ultimate-Opinion Testimony

309

(1)

Ethical Considerations

309

(1)

The Applied Researcher Role

310

(1)

The Effects of Divorce on Children

310

(1)

The Effects of Type of Custody

310

(1)

Summary

311

(2)

Key Terms

313

(1)

Suggested Readings

313

(1)

Discrimination

314

(20)

What Is Discrimination?

315

(3)

Prejudice and Discrimination

315

(1)

Modern Racism

316

(2)

Who Is Discriminated Against?

318

(1)

Overview of the Chapter

318

(1)

What Can Psychology Contribute?

318

(5)

Conceptual Analysis

318

(1)

Methodology

319

(4)

Court Decisions Regarding Race and Assignment to Special Education Classes

323

(3)

Affirmative Action

326

(4)

The Courts and Affirmative Action

326

(2)

Psychological Contributions

328

(2)

Employment Discrimination

330

(1)

Hate Crimes

331

(1)

Summary

332

(1)

Key Terms

332

(1)

Suggested Readings

332

(2)

Sexual Harassment

334

(14)

Increased Awareness of Sexual Harassment

335

(1)

Origins of the Term

335

(1)

Incidence Rates

335

(1)

Highly Publicized Cases

336

(1)

Conceptualizations of Sexual Harassment

336

(2)

Confusion in the Public

336

(1)

Gruber's Typology of Sexual Harassment

337

(1)

Fitzgerald's Typology

337

(1)

Sexual Harassment Cases in the Courts

338

(5)

Two Types of Sexual Harassment

338

(1)

Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.

339

(4)

How Can Psychology Help?

343

(3)

Analyzing the Causes of Harassment

343

(1)

Distinctions Between Female and Male Victims

344

(1)

Measuring Beliefs

344

(1)

Predicting the Outcome of Complaints

345

(1)

Restructuring the Workplace

345

(1)

Summary

346

(1)

Key Terms

347

(1)

Suggested Readings

347

(1)

Death Penalty Trials and Appeals

348

(23)

Competent to Be Executed?

349

(1)

Why Do Forensic Psychologists Get Involved in Death Penalty Cases?

349

(1)

Roles for Forensic Psychologists

349

(3)

An Outline of the Process and Possible Roles

349

(2)

Is the Psychologist's Role Necessarily That of an Advocate?

351

(1)

Social-Psychological Research and Evaluation Research on the Death Penalty

352

(1)

Convictions and Executions of Innocent Persons

352

(8)

Estimating the Number of Wrong Convictions

353

(2)

The Execution of Innocent People

355

(1)

The Case of Randall Dale Adams

356

(1)

Trial-Related Reasons for Incorrect Convictions

357

(3)

Appellate Courts and the Death Penalty

360

(2)

The U.S. Supreme Court's Reaction to Death Penalty Appeals

362

(1)

Specific Activities of the Forensic Psychologist

363

(6)

Mitigation Assessment

363

(1)

Competency Evaluations

363

(3)

Evaluating Defense Arguments

366

(1)

Research on the Effects of the Death Penalty

367

(2)

Summary

369

(1)

Key Terms

370

(1)

Suggested Readings

370

(1)

Influencing Public Policy

371

(22)

Applying Psychological Knowledge to Legal Policy Decisions

372

(1)

Psychologists and Legislatures

372

(1)

Psychologists and Executive Branch Decisions

373

(1)

Psychologists and the Courts

373

(1)

The Use of Amicus Briefs

373

(5)

History of the Relationship Between Psychology and the Courts

374

(1)

Direct Attempts to Influence the Courts

375

(1)

Ballew v. Georgia: Too Little Too Late?

375

(3)

Involvement by the American Psychological Association

378

(1)

Classifying APA Briefs

378

(1)

The Goals of APA Science-Translation Briefs

379

(1)

The Effectiveness of APA Briefs

379

(2)

How Is Effectiveness Measured?

379

(1)

Is It Better to Be Ignored or Rejected?

380

(1)

APA Amicus Briefs and Supreme Court Decisions

381

(7)

Ake v. Oklahoma: An Example of Less Discernible Input

382

(3)

Lockhart v. McCree: A Rejection of the APA's Brief

385

(3)

What Can Be Learned From Analysis of Individual Cases?

388

(2)

The Potency of Deeply Held Values

388

(1)

Identifying and Representing the Goals of Psychologists Accurately

388

(2)

Summary

390

(1)

Key Terms

391

(1)

Suggested Readings

391

(2)

References

393

(40)

Name Index

433

(12)

Subject Index

445

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Forensic Psychology

Forensic Psychology

9780534526795

0534526799

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Forensic Psychology

Forensic Psychology

9780534526795

0534526799

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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