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Experimental Methodology

by: Christensen, Larry B.

Experimental Methodology

by: Christensen, Larry B.

ISBN 13:
9780205393695
ISBN 10:
0205393691
Edition: 9th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2007
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

This text presents a reader-friendly introduction to the basic principles of experimental psychological research. Experimental Methodology is organized so that each chapter focuses on a specific step in the research process. This text provides an instruction in the experimental research and an introduction to non-experimental approaches such as ex-post facto research, correlational research, and survey research.

Preface

CHAPTER 1 What Is Science?

(29)

Chapter Preview

(1)

Introduction

(2)

Methods of Acquiring Knowledge

(5)

Tenacity

(1)

Intuition

(1)

Authority

(1)

Rationalism

(1)

Empiricism

(2)

Science

(3)

Identifying the Problem

(1)

Designing the Experiment

(1)

Conducting the Experiment

(1)

Analyzing the Data

(1)

Communicating the Research Results

(1)

Advantage of the Scientific Method

(1)

Characteristics of the Scientific Approach

(5)

Control

(1)

Operationism

(2)

Replication

(1)

Objectives of Science

(2)

Description

(1)

Explanation

(1)

Prediction

(1)

Control

(1)

Basic Assumption Underlying Science

(2)

Reality in Nature

(1)

Rationality

(1)

Regularity

(1)

Discoverability

(1)

The Role of Theory in Science

(1)

The Role of the Scientist in Science

(3)

Curiosity

(1)

Patience

(1)

Objectivity

(1)

Change

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Related Internet Sites

(1)

Practice Test

(2)

Challenge Exercises

(1)

CHAPTER 2 Nonexperimental Research Approaches

(34)

Chapter Preview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

(18)

Correlational Study

(2)

Ex Post Facto Study

(2)

Longitudinal Study and Cross-Sectional Study

(2)

Naturalistic Observation

(2)

Meta Analysis

(2)

The Survey

(7)

Methods of Data Collection

(1)

Questionnaire Construction

(1)

Response Bias

(2)

Qualitative Research

(9)

Phenomenology

(1)

Ethnography

(4)

Ethnographic Methods

(1)

Entry and Group Acceptance

(1)

Data Collection, Analysis, Report Writing

(2)

Case Study

(2)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Related Internet Sites

(1)

Practice Tests

(1)

Challenge Exercises

(1)

CHAPTER 3 The Experimental Research Approach

(20)

Chapter Preview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Causation

(6)

Cause

(1)

Effect

(1)

Causal Relationship

(5)

The Psychological Experiment

(6)

Advantages of the Experimental Approach

(1)

Causal Inference

(1)

Control

(1)

Ability to Manipulate Variables

(1)

Disadvantages of the Experimental Approach

(3)

Does Not Test Effects of Nonmanipulated Variables

(1)

Artificiality

(1)

Inadequate Method of Scientific Inquiry

(1)

Experimental Research Settings

(2)

Field Experimentation

(1)

Laboratory Experimentation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Related Internet Sites

(1)

Practice Test

(1)

Challenge Exercises

(1)

CHAPTER 4 Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation

(28)

Chapter Preview

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Sources of Research Ideas

(4)

Everyday Life

(1)

Practical Issues

(1)

Past Research

(1)

Theory

(1)

Gender Bias in Research Ideas

(1)

Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation

(1)

Review of the Literature

(11)

Getting Started

(1)

Defining Objectives

(1)

Doing the Search

(7)

Books

(1)

Psychological Journals

(1)

Computerized or Electronic Databases

(2)

Internet Resources

(4)

Obtaining Resources

101

(2)

Additional Information Sources

103

(1)

Feasibility of the Study

103

(2)

Formulating the Research Problem

105

(1)

Defining a Research Problem

105

(1)

Specificity of the Question

106

(1)

Formulating Hypotheses

106

(2)

Summary

108

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

109

(1)

Related Internet Sites

109

(1)

Practice Test

110

(1)

Challenge Exercises

111

(1)

CHAPTER 5 Ethics

112

(50)

Chapter Preview

114

(1)

Introduction

114

(1)

Research Ethics: What Are They?

115

(6)

Relationship between Society and Science

115

(1)

Professional Issues

116

(3)

Treatment of Research Participants

119

(2)

Ethical Dilemmas

121

(5)

Ethical Guidelines

126

(6)

Respect for Persons and Their Autonomy

128

(1)

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

129

(1)

Justice

130

(1)

Trust

131

(1)

Fidelity and Scientific Integrity

131

(1)

APA Ethical Standards for Research

132

(4)

Issues Raised by the APA Code of Ethics

136

(14)

Institutional Approval

136

(1)

Informed Consent

137

(4)

Dispensing with Informed Consent

137

(2)

Informed Consent and Minors

139

(1)

Passive versus Active Consent

139

(2)

Deception

141

(5)

Debriefing

146

(2)

Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation

148

(1)

Confidentiality versus Anonymity

149

(1)

Ethics of Animal Research

150

(7)

Animal Rights

150

(3)

Alternatives to the Use of Animals

153

(1)

Safeguards in the Use of Animals

153

(1)

Animal Research Guidelines

154

(3)

Summary

157

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

158

(1)

Related Internet Sites

159

(1)

Practice Test

159

(1)

Challenge Exercises

160

(2)

CHAPTER 6 Variables Used in Experimentation

162

(32)

Chapter Preview

163

(1)

Introduction

164

(1)

Types of Variables

165

(1)

The Independent Variable

166

(10)

Variation

166

(3)

Presence versus Absence

166

(1)

Amount of a Variable

167

(1)

Type of a Variable

168

(1)

Establishing Variation in the Independent Variable

169

(4)

Experimental Manipulation

170

(2)

Individual Difference Manipulation

172

(1)

Constructing the Independent Variable

173

(2)

Number of Independent Variables

175

(1)

The Dependent Variable

176

(5)

Response to be Used as the Dependent Variable

178

(1)

Reducing Participant Error

179

(1)

Number of Dependent Variables

180

(1)

Reliability and Validity of the Dependent and Independent Variables

181

(9)

Reliability

182

(3)

Reliability and the Independent Variable

182

(1)

Reliability and the Dependent Variable

182

(1)

Measurement Error

183

(1)

Assessment of Reliability with Standardized Tests

184

(1)

Validity

185

(13)

Content Validity

186

(1)

Criterion-Related Validity

186

(1)

Construct Validity

187

(3)

Summary

190

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

190

(1)

Related Internet Sites

190

(1)

Practice Test

191

(1)

Challenge Exercises

192

(2)

CHAPTER 7 Validity in Experimental Research

194

(37)

Chapter Preview

196

(1)

Introduction

196

(1)

Statistical Conclusion Validity

197

(1)

Internal Validity

198

(9)

Threats to Internal Validity

199

(8)

History

200

(1)

Maturation

201

(1)

Instrumentation

202

(1)

Testing

202

(1)

Regression Artifact

203

(1)

Attrition

204

(1)

Selection

205

(1)

Additive and Interactive Effects

205

(2)

Construct Validity

207

(10)

Threats to Construct Validity

207

(10)

Reactivity to the Experimental Situation

208

(3)

Experimenter Effects

211

(6)

External Validity

217

(6)

Population Validity

218

(2)

Ecological Validity

220

(1)

Temporal Validity

221

(1)

Treatment Variation Validity

222

(1)

Outcome Validity

223

(1)

Cautions in Evaluating the External Validity of Experiments

223

(1)

Relationship between Internal and External Validity

224

(1)

Summary

225

(3)

Key Terms and Concepts

228

(1)

Related Internet Sites

228

(1)

Practice Test

228

(2)

Challenge Exercise

230

(1)

CHAPTER 8 Control Techniques

231

(36)

Chapter Preview

233

(1)

Introduction

233

(1)

Randomization

234

(6)

Matching

240

(8)

Matching by Holding Variables Constant

240

(2)

Matching by Building the Extraneous Variable into the Research Design

242

(1)

Matching by Yoked Control

243

(1)

Matching by Equating Participants

244

(4)

Precision Control

244

(2)

Frequency Distribution Control

246

(2)

Counterbalancing

248

(6)

Intrasubject Counterbalancing: The ABBA Technique

250

(2)

Intragroup Counterbalancing

252

(2)

Incomplete Counterbalancing

252

(2)

Control of Participant Effects

254

(4)

Double Blind Placebo Model

254

(1)

Deception

255

(1)

Procedural Control, or Control of Participant Interpretation

256

(2)

Control of Experimenter Effects

258

(4)

Control of Recording Errors

258

(1)

Control of Experimenter Attribute Errors

259

(1)

Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error

260

(11)

The Blind Technique

260

(1)

The Partial Blind Technique

261

(1)

Automation

262

(1)

Likelihood of Achieving Control

262

(1)

Summary

263

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

264

(1)

Related Internet Sites

264

(1)

Practice Test

265

(1)

Challenge Exercises

266

(1)

CHAPTER 9 Experimental Research Design

267

(32)

Chapter Preview

269

(1)

Introduction

269

(2)

Research Designs with Threats to Internal Validity

271

(4)

One-Group Posttest-Only Design

271

(1)

One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

272

(2)

Nonequivalent Posttest-Only Design

274

(1)

Requirements of Experimental Research Designs

275

(2)

Pretesting Participants

277

(1)

Experimental Research Designs

278

(15)

Posttest-Only Design

279

(12)

Between-Participants Posttest-Only Design

279

(10)

Within-Participants Posttest-Only Design

289

(1)

Combining Between- and Within-Participants Designs

290

(1)

Pretest-Posttest Design

291

(2)

Choice of a Research Design

293

(1)

Research Question

293

(1)

Control

293

(1)

Between-versus Within-Participants Design

293

(1)

Summary

294

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

295

(1)

Related Internet Sites

295

(1)

Practice Test

296

(1)

Challenge Exercises

297

(2)

CHAPTER 10 Quasi-Experimental Designs

299

(25)

Chapter Preview

301

(1)

Introduction

301

(2)

Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design

303

(9)

Outcomes with Rival Hypotheses

306

(1)

Outcome I: First Increasing Treatment Effect

306

(3)

Outcome II: Increasing Treatment and Control Groups

309

(1)

Outcome III: Second Increasing Treatment Effect

310

(1)

Outcome IV: Crossover Effect

311

(1)

Causal Inference from the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design

311

(1)

Time-Series Design

312

(5)

Interrupted Time-Series Design

313

(4)

Regression Discontinuity Design

317

(3)

Summary

320

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

320

(1)

Related Internet Sites

321

(1)

Practice Test

321

(1)

Challenge Exercises

322

(2)

CHAPTER 11 Single-Case Research Designs

324

(29)

Chapter Preview

326

(1)

Introduction

326

(3)

Single-Case Designs

329

(14)

ABA Design

330

(4)

Interaction Design

334

(4)

Multiple-Baseline Design

338

(3)

Changing-Criterion Design

341

(2)

Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs

343

(3)

Baseline

343

(2)

Changing One Variable at a Time

345

(1)

Length of Phases

345

(1)

Criteria for Evaluating Change

346

(2)

Experimental Criterion

346

(1)

Therapeutic Criterion

346

(2)

Rival Hypotheses

348

(1)

Summary

349

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

350

(1)

Related Internet Sites

350

(1)

Practice Test

351

(1)

Challenge Exercises

352

(1)

CHAPTER 12 Data Collection

353

(21)

Chapter Preview

355

(1)

Introduction

355

(1)

Research Participants

355

(3)

Obtaining Animals (Rats)

356

(1)

Obtaining Human Participants

356

(2)

Gender Bias

358

(1)

Sample Size

358

(2)

Power

359

(1)

Apparatus and/or Instruments

360

(2)

Instructions

362

(1)

Scheduling of Research Participants

363

(1)

Procedure

364

(1)

Pilot Study

364

(1)

Institutional Approval

365

(1)

Data Collection

366

(1)

Consent to Participate

367

(1)

Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview

368

(3)

Debriefing Functions

369

(1)

How to Debrief

369

(2)

Summary

371

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

372

(1)

Related Internet Sites

372

(1)

Practice Test

372

(1)

Challenge Exercises

373

(1)

CHAPTER 13 Hypothesis Testing

374

(35)

Chapter Preview

376

(1)

Introduction

376

(1)

Testing the Hypothesis

377

(2)

The Mean

379

(1)

Standard Deviation

380

(2)

Selection of a Statistical Test

382

(1)

Independent Samples t-Test

383

(1)

Significance Level

384

(4)

Analysis of Variance

388

(15)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

388

(5)

Analysis of Variance Summary Table

393

(1)

Interpreting the Results of the Analysis of Variance

394

(1)

Two-Way Analysis of Variance

395

(6)

Rejecting versus Failing to Reject the Null Hypothesis

401

(2)

Potential Errors in the Statistical Decision-Making Process

403

(2)

Summary

405

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

406

(1)

Related Internet Sites

406

(1)

Practice Test

406

(1)

Challenge Exercise

407

(2)

CHAPTER 14 The Research Report

409

(54)

Introduction

410

(2)

The APA Format

412

(34)

Preparation of the Research Report

446

(9)

Writing Style

446

(2)

Language

448

(2)

Specificity

448

(1)

Labels

448

(1)

Participation

448

(1)

Specific Issues

449

(1)

Editorial Style

450

(5)

Italics

450

(1)

Abbreviations

450

(1)

Headings

450

(1)

Quotations

451

(1)

Numbers

451

(1)

Physical Measurements

451

(1)

Presentation of Statistical Results

451

(1)

Tables

452

(1)

Figures

453

(1)

Figure Captions

453

(1)

Reference Citations

454

(1)

Reference List

454

(1)

Typing

455

(1)

Ordering of Manuscript Pages

455

(1)

Submission of the Research Report for Publication

455

(3)

Acceptance of the Manuscript

457

(1)

Presenting Research Results at Professional Conferences

458

(3)

Oral Presentation

458

(1)

Poster Presentation

459

(2)

Summary

461

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

461

(1)

Related Internet Sites

462

(1)

Appendices

463

(7)

A Answers to Practice Tests

464

(1)

B Critical Values of t

465

(1)

C The 5 Percent and 1 Percent Values for the F-Distribution

466

(3)

D Table of Random Numbers

469

(1)

References

470

(18)

Index

488

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Experimental Methodology

Experimental Methodology

9780205393695

0205393691

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Experimental Methodology

Experimental Methodology

9780205393695

0205393691

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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