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Essential Cell Biology

by: Alberts, Bruce; Bray, Dennis; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Robert, Keith; Walter, Peter

Essential Cell Biology

by: Alberts, Bruce; Bray, Dennis; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Robert, Keith; Walter, Peter

ISBN 13:
9780815320456
ISBN 10:
0815320450
Edition: CD
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/01/1997
Publisher: Garland Science
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Summary

A new entry-level survey of cell biology that makes teaching and learning easier than ever before

Chapter 1 Introduction to Cells

(36)

Cells Under the Microscope

(8)

The Invention of the Light Microscope Led to the Discovery of Cells

(1)

Cells, Organelles, and Even Molecules Can Be Seen Under the Microscope

(6)

The Eucaryotic Cell

(8)

The Nucleus Is the Information Store of the Cell

(1)

Mitochondria Generate Energy from Food to Power the Cell

(2)

Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight

(1)

Internal Membranes Create Intracellular Compartments with Different Functions

(2)

The Cytosol Is a Concentrated Aqueous Gel of Large and Small Molecules

(1)

The Cytoskeleton Is Responsible for Cell Movements

(1)

Unity and Diversity of Cells

(17)

Cells Vary Enormously in Appearance and Function

(2)

Living Cells All Have a Similar Basic Chemistry

(1)

All Present-Day Cells Have Apparently Evolved from the Same Ancestor

(1)

Bacteria Are the Smallest and Simplest Cells

(3)

Molecular Biologists Have Focused on E. coli

(1)

Giardia May Represent an Intermediate Stage in the Evolution of Eucaryotic Cells

(1)

Brewer's Yeast Is a Simple Eucaryotic Cell

(1)

Single-celled Organisms Can Be Large, Complex, and Fierce: The Protozoans

(1)

Arabidopsis Has Been Chosen Out of 300,000 Species as a Model Plant

(1)

The World of Animals Is Represented by a Fly, a Worm, a Mouse, and Homo Sapiens

(2)

Cells in the Same Multicellular Organism Can Be Spectacularly Different

(3)

Essential Concepts

(1)

Questions

(2)

Chapter 2 Chemical Components of Cells

(42)

Chemical Bonds

(15)

Cells Are Made of Relatively Few Types of Atoms

(1)

The Outermost Electrons Determine How Atoms Interact

(3)

Ionic Bonds Form by the Gain and Loss of Electrons

(1)

Covalent Bonds Form by the Sharing of Electrons

(2)

There Are Different Types of Covalent Bonds

(3)

Water Is the Most Abundant Substance in Cells

(1)

Some Polar Molecules Form Acids and Bases in Water

(3)

Molecules in Cells

(21)

A Cell Is Formed from Carbon Compounds

(1)

Cells Contain Four Major Families of Small Organic Molecules

(1)

Sugars Are Energy Sources for Cells and Subunits of Polysaccharides

(2)

Fatty Acids Are Components of Cell Membranes

(5)

Amino Acids Are the Subunits of Proteins

(1)

Nucleotides Are the Subunits of DNA and RNA

(4)

Macromolecules Contain a Specific Sequence of Subunits

(4)

Noncovalent Bonds Specify the Precise Shape of a Macromolecule

(3)

Noncovalent Bonds Allow a Macromolecule to Bind Other Selected Molecules

(1)

Essential Concepts

(1)

Questions

(5)

Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis

(29)

Catalysis and the Use of Energy by Cells

(15)

Biological Order Is Made Possible by the Release of Heat Energy from Cells

(3)

Photosynthetic Organisms Use Sunlight to Synthesize Organic Molecules

(1)

Cells Obtain Energy by the Oxidation of Biological Molecules

(1)

Oxidation and Reduction Involve Electron Transfers

(1)

Enzymes Lower the Barriers That Block Chemical Reactions

(1)

How Enzymes Find Their Substrates: The Importance of Rapid Diffusion

(3)

The Free-Energy Change for a Reaction Determines Whether It Can Occur

(1)

The Concentration of Reactants Influences XXXG

(4)

For Sequential Reactions, XXXG(0) Values Are Additive

(1)

Activated Carrier Molecules and Biosynthesis

(11)

The Formation of an Activated Carrier Is Coupled to an Energetically Favorable Reaction

(1)

ATP Is the Most Widely Used Activated Carrier Molecule

(1)

Energy Stored in ATP Is Often Harnessed to Join Two Molecules Together

(1)

NADH and NADPH Are Important Electron Carriers

(2)

There Are Many Other Activated Carrier Molecules in Cells

100

(3)

The Synthesis of Biological Polymers Requires an Energy Input

103

(2)

Essential Concepts

105

(1)

Questions

106

(2)

Chapter 4 How Cells Obtain Energy from Food

108

(26)

The Breakdown of Sugars and Fats

108

(17)

Food Molecules Are Broken Down in Three Stages to Produce ATP

108

(2)

Glycolysis Is a Central ATP-producing Pathway

110

(4)

Fermentations Allow ATP to Be Produced in the Absence of Oxygen

114

(1)

Glycolysis Illustrates How Enzymes Couple Oxidation to Energy Storage

114

(4)

Sugars and Fats Are Both Degraded to Acetyl CoA in Mitochondria

118

(1)

The Citric Acid Cycle Generates NADH by Oxidizing Acetyl Groups to CO(2)

119

(5)

Electron Transport Drives the Synthesis of the Majority of the ATP in Most Cells

124

(1)

Storing and Utilizing Food

125

(4)

Organisms Store Food Molecules in Special Reservoirs

125

(2)

Many Biosynthetic Pathways Begin with Glycolysis or the Citric Acid Cycle

127

(1)

Metabolism Is Organized and Regulated

128

(1)

Essential Concepts

129

(1)

Questions

130

(4)

Chapter 5 Protein Structure and Function

134

(50)

The Shape and Structure of Proteins

134

(20)

The Shape of a Protein Is Specified by Its Amino Acid Sequence

134

(5)

Proteins Fold into a Conformation of Lowest Energy

139

(1)

Proteins Come in a Wide Variety of Complicated Shapes

140

(1)

The XXX Helix and the XXX Sheet Are Common Folding Patterns

141

(4)

Proteins Have Several Levels of Organization

145

(2)

Few of the Many Possible Polypeptide Chains Will Be Useful

147

(1)

Proteins Can Be Classified into Families

147

(1)

Larger Protein Molecules Often Contain More Than One Polypeptide Chain

148

(1)

Proteins Can Assemble into Filaments, Sheets, or Spheres

149

(3)

A Helix Is a Common Structural Motif in Biological Structures

152

(1)

Some Types of Proteins Have Elongated Fibrous Shapes

152

(2)

Extracellular Proteins Are Often Stabilized by Covalent Cross-Linkages

154

(1)

How Proteins Work

154

(25)

Proteins Bind to Other Molecules

155

(1)

The Binding Sites of Antibodies Are Especially Versatile

156

(1)

Binding Strength Is Measured by the Equilibrium Constant

157

(10)

Enzymes Are Powerful and Highly Specific Catalysts

167

(1)

Lysozyme Illustrates How an Enzyme Works

167

(2)

V(max) and K(M) Measure Enzyme Performance

169

(2)

Tightly Bound Small Molecules Add Extra Functions to Proteins

171

(1)

The Catalytic Activities of Enzymes Are Regulated

172

(1)

Allosteric Enzymes Have Two Binding Sites That Interact

173

(1)

A Conformational Change Can Be Driven by Protein Phosphorylation

174

(2)

GTP-binding Proteins Can Undergo Dramatic Conformational Changes

176

(1)

Motor Proteins Produce Large Movements in Cells

176

(2)

Proteins Often Form Large Complexes That Function as Protein Machines

178

(1)

Essential Concepts

179

(1)

Questions

180

(4)

Chapter 6 DNA

184

(28)

The Structure and Function of DNA

184

(5)

Genes Are Made of DNA

185

(1)

A DNA Molecule Consists of Two Complementary Chains of Nucleotides

185

(3)

The Structure of DNA Provides a Mechanism for Heredity

188

(1)

DNA Replication

189

(9)

DNA Synthesis Begins at Replication Origins

190

(1)

New DNA Synthesis Occurs at Replication Forks

191

(2)

The Replication Fork Is Asymmetrical

193

(1)

DNA Polymerase Is Self-correcting

194

(1)

Short Lengths of RNA Act as Primers for DNA Synthesis

194

(2)

Proteins at a Replication Fork Cooperate to Form a Replication Machine

196

(2)

DNA Repair

198

(8)

Changes in DNA Are the Cause of Mutations

198

(2)

A DNA Mismatch Repair System Removes Replication Errors That Escape from the Replication Machine

200

(1)

DNA Is Continually Suffering Damage in Cells

201

(1)

The Stability of Genes Depends on DNA Repair

202

(3)

The High Fidelity with Which DNA Is Maintained Means That Closely Related Species Have Proteins with Very Similar Sequences

205

(1)

Essential Concepts

206

(1)

Questions

207

(5)

Chapter 7 From DNA to Protein

212

(34)

From DNA to RNA

212

(12)

Portions of DNA Sequence Are Transcribed into RNA

212

(1)

Transcription Produces RNA Complementary to One Strand of DNA

213

(2)

Several Types of RNA Are Produced in Cells

215

(1)

Signals in DNA Tell RNA Polymerase Where to Start and Finish

216

(2)

Eucaryotic RNAs Undergo Processing in the Nucleus

218

(1)

Eucaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Noncoding Sequences

219

(1)

Introns Are Removed by RNA Splicing

220

(2)

mRNA Molecules Are Eventually Degraded by the Cell

222

(1)

The Earliest Cells May Have Had Introns in Their Genes

223

(1)

From RNA to Protein

224

(10)

An mRNA Sequence Is Decoded in Sets of Three Nucleotides

224

(1)

tRNA Molecules Match Amino Acids to Codons in mRNA

225

(2)

Specific Enzymes Couple tRNAs to the Correct Amino Acid

227

(1)

The RNA Message Is Decoded on Ribosomes

227

(3)

Codons in mRNA Signal Where to Start and to Stop Protein Synthesis

230

(2)

Proteins Are Made on Polyribosomes

232

(1)

Carefully Controlled Protein Breakdown Helps Regulate the Amount of Each Protein in a Cell

232

(2)

There Are Many Steps Between DNA and Protein

234

(1)

RNA and the Origins of Life

234

(6)

Simple Biological Molecules Can Form Under Prebiotic Conditions

235

(2)

RNA Can Both Store Information and Catalyze Chemical Reactions

237

(2)

RNA Is Thought to Predate DNA in Evolution

239

(1)

Essential Concepts

240

(1)

Questions

241

(5)

Chapter 8 Chromosomes and Gene Regulation

246

(32)

The Structure of Eucaryotic Chromosomes

246

(11)

Eucaryotic DNA Is Packaged into Chromosomes

246

(1)

Chromosomes Exist in Different States Throughout the Life of a Cell

247

(2)

Specialized DNA Sequences Ensure That Chromosomes Replicate Efficiently

249

(1)

Nucleosomes Are the Basic Units of Chromatin Structure

250

(2)

Chromosomes Have Several Levels of DNA Packing

252

(1)

Interphase Chromosomes Contain Both Condensed and More Extended Forms of Chromatin

253

(3)

Position Effects on Gene Expression Reveal Differences in Interphase Chromosome Packing

256

(1)

Interphase Chromosomes Are Organized Within the Nucleus

256

(1)

Gene Regulation

257

(17)

Cells Regulate the Expression of Their Genes

258

(1)

Transcription Is Controlled by Proteins Binding to Regulatory DNA Sequences

259

(2)

Repressors Turn Genes Off and Activators Turn Them On

261

(2)

Initiation of Eucaryotic Gene Transcription Is a Complex Process

263

(1)

Eucaryotic RNA Polymerase Requires General Transcription Factors

264

(1)

Eucaryotic Gene Regulatory Proteins Control Gene Expression from a Distance

265

(1)

Packing of Promoter DNA into Nucleosomes Can Affect Initiation of Transcription

266

(1)

Eucaryotic Genes Are Regulated by Combinations of Proteins

267

(1)

The Expression of Different Genes Can Be Coordinated by a Single Protein

268

(1)

Combinatorial Control Can Create Different Cell Types

269

(2)

Stable Patterns of Gene Expression Can Be Transmitted to Daughter Cells

271

(2)

The Formation of an Entire Organ Can Be Triggered by a Single Gene Regulatory Protein

273

(1)

Essential Concepts

274

(1)

Questions

275

(3)

Chapter 9 Genetic Variation

278

(37)

Genetic Variation in Bacteria

278

(13)

The Rapid Rate of Bacterial Division Means That Mutation Will Occur Over a Short Time Period

279

(1)

Mutation in Bacteria Can Be Selected by a Change in Environmental Conditions

280

(1)

Bacterial Cells Can Acquire Genes from Other Bacteria

281

(1)

Bacterial Genes Can Be Transferred by a Process Called Bacterial Mating

282

(2)

Some Bacteria Can Take Up DNA from Their Surroundings

284

(1)

Gene Exchange Occurs by Homologous Recombination Between Two DNA Molecules of Similar Nucleotide Sequence

285

(3)

Genes Can Be Transferred Between Bacteria by Bacterial Viruses

288

(1)

Transposable Elements Create Genetic Diversity

289

(2)

Sources of Genetic Change in Eucaryotic Genomes

291

(13)

Random DNA Duplications Create Families of Related Genes

292

(1)

Genes Encoding New Proteins Can Be Created by the Recombination of Exons

293

(1)

A Large Part of the DNA of Multicellular Eucaryotes Consists of Repeated, Noncoding Sequences

294

(1)

About 10% of the Human Genome Consists of Two Families of Transposable Sequences

295

(1)

The Evolution of Genomes Has Been Accelerated by Transposable Elements

296

(1)

Viruses Are Fully Mobile Genetic Elements That Can Escape from Cells

297

(3)

Retroviruses Reverse the Normal Flow of Genetic Information

300

(2)

Retroviruses That Have Picked Up Host Genes Can Make Cells Cancerous

302

(2)

Sexual Reproduction and the Reassortment of Genes

304

(5)

Sexual Reproduction Gives a Competitive Advantage to Organisms in an Unpredictably Variable Environment

304

(1)

Sexual Reproduction Involves Both Diploid and Haploid Cells

305

(1)

Meiosis Generates Haploid Cells from Diploid Cells

306

(1)

Meiosis Generates Enormous Genetic Variation

307

(2)

Essential Concepts

309

(1)

Questions

310

(5)

Chapter 10 DNA Technology

315

(33)

How DNA Molecules Are Analyzed

315

(5)

Restriction Nucleases Cut DNA Molecules at Specific Sites

315

(2)

Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments of Different Sizes

317

(3)

The Nucleotide Sequence of DNA Fragments Can Be Determined

320

(1)

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

320

(4)

DNA Hybridization Facilitates the Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases

321

(2)

In Situ Hybridization Locates Nucleic Acid Sequences in Cells or on Chromosomes

323

(1)

DNA Cloning

324

(11)

DNA Ligase Joins DNA Fragments Together to Produce a Recombinant DNA Molecule

325

(1)

Bacterial Plasmids Can Be Used to Clone DNA

326

(1)

Human Genes Are Isolated by DNA Cloning

327

(2)

cDNA Libraries Represent the mRNA Produced by a Particular Tissue

329

(2)

Hybridization Allows Even Distantly Related Genes to Be Identified

331

(1)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Selected DNA Sequences

332

(3)

DNA Engineering

335

(7)

Completely Novel DNA Molecules Can Be Constructed

335

(2)

Rare Cellular Proteins Can Be Made in Large Amounts Using Cloned DNA

337

(1)

RNAs Can Be Produced by Transcription in Vitro

338

(1)

Mutant Organisms Best Reveal the Function of a Gene

339

(1)

Transgenic Animals Carry Engineered Genes

340

(2)

Essential Concepts

342

(1)

Questions

343

(5)

Chapter 11 Membrane Structure

348

(24)

The Lipid Bilayer

348

(9)

Membrane Lipids Form Bilayers in Water

349

(3)

The Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-dimensional Fluid

352

(1)

The Fluidity of a Lipid Bilayer Depends on Its Composition

353

(1)

The Lipid Bilayer Is Asymmetrical

354

(1)

Lipid Asymmetry Is Generated Inside the Cell

355

(1)

Lipid Bilayers Are Impermeable to Solutes and Ions

356

(1)

Membrane Proteins

357

(11)

Membrane Proteins Associate with the Lipid Bilayers in Various Ways

358

(1)

A Polypeptide Chain Usually Crosses the Bilayer as an XXX Helix

358

(2)

Membrane Proteins Can Be Solubilized in Detergents and Purified

360

(1)

The Complete Structure Is Known for Very Few Membrane Proteins

361

(2)

The Plasma Membrane Is Reinforced by the Cell Cortex

363

(1)

The Cell Surface Is Coated with Carbohydrate

364

(2)

Cells Can Restrict the Movement of Membrane Proteins

366

(2)

Essential Concepts

368

(1)

Questions

368

(5)

Chapter 12 Membrane Transport

372

(37)

The Ion Concentrations Inside a Cell Are Very Different from Those Outside

372

(1)

Carrier Proteins and Their Functions

373

(12)

Solutes Cross Membranes by Passive or Active Transport

375

(1)

Electrical Forces as Well as Concentration Gradients Can Drive Passive Transport

375

(2)

Active Transport Moves Solutes Against Their Electrochemical Gradients

377

(1)

Animal Cells Use the Energy of ATP Hydrolysis to Pump Out Na+

378

(1)

The Na(+)-K(+) Pump Is Driven by the Transient Addition of a Phosphate Group

379

(1)

Animal Cells Use the Na(+) Gradient to Take Up Nutrients Actively

380

(1)

The Na(+)-K(+) Pump Helps Maintain the Osmotic Balance of Animal Cells

381

(2)

Intracellular Ca(2+) Concentrations Are Kept Low by Ca(2+) Pumps

383

(1)

H(+) Gradients Are Used to Drive Membrane Transport in Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria

384

(1)

Ion Channels and the Membrane Potential

385

(9)

Ion Channels Are Ion Selective and Gated

386

(2)

Ion Channels Randomly Snap Between Open and Closed States

388

(2)

Voltage-gated Ion Channels Respond to the Membrane Potential

390

(1)

The Membrane Potential Is Governed by Membrane Permeability to Specific Ions

391

(3)

Ion Channels and Signaling in Nerve Cells

394

(10)

Action Potentials Provide for Rapid Long-Distance Communication

395

(1)

Action Potentials Are Usually Mediated by Voltage-gated Na(+) Channels

395

(2)

Voltage-gated Ca(2+) Channels Convert Electrical Signals into Chemical Signals at Nerve Terminals

397

(2)

Transmitter-gated Channels in Target Cells Convert Chemical Signals Back into Electrical Signals

399

(1)

Neurons Receive Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs

400

(1)

Synaptic Connections Enable You to Think, Act, and Remember

401

(3)

Essential Concepts

404

(1)

Questions

405

(4)

Chapter 13 Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

409

(39)

Cells Obtain Most of Their Energy by a Membrane-based Mechanism

409

(1)

Mitochondria and Oxidative Phosphorylation

410

(11)

A Mitochondrion Contains Two Membrane-bounded Compartments

411

(2)

High-Energy Electrons Are Generated via the Citric Acid Cycle

413

(1)

Electrons Are Transferred Along a Chain of Proteins in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

414

(1)

Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane

415

(2)

The Proton Gradient Drives ATP Synthesis

417

(2)

Coupled Transport Across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Is Driven by the Electrochemical Proton Gradient

419

(1)

Proton Gradients Produce Most of the Cell's ATP

419

(2)

The Rapid Conversion of ADP to ATP in Mitochondria Maintains a High ATP:ADP Ratio in Cells

421

(1)

Electron-Transport Chains and Proton Pumping

421

(9)

Protons Are Readily Moved by the Transfer of Electrons

422

(1)

The Redox Potential Is a Measure of Electron Affinities

422

(1)

Electron Transfers Release Large Amounts of Energy

423

(2)

Metals Tightly Bound to Proteins Form Versatile Electron Carriers

425

(2)

Protons Are Pumped Across the Membrane by the Three Respiratory Enzyme Complexes

427

(2)

Respiration Is Amazingly Efficient

429

(1)

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

430

(9)

Chloroplasts Resemble Mitochondria but Have an Extra Compartment

430

(2)

Chloroplasts Capture Energy from Sunlight and Use It to Fix Carbon

432

(1)

Excited Chlorophyll Molecules Funnel Energy into a Reaction Center

433

(1)

Light Energy Drives the Synthesis of ATP and NADPH

434

(2)

Carbon Fixation Is Catalyzed by Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase

436

(2)

Carbon Fixation in Chloroplasts Generates Sucrose and Starch

438

(1)

The Genetic Systems of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Reflect Their Procaryotic Origin

438

(1)

Our Single-celled Ancestors

439

(4)

RNA Sequences Reveal Evolutionary History

439

(1)

Ancient Cells Probably Arose in Hot Environments

440

(1)

Methanococcus Lives in the Dark, Using Only Inorganic Materials as Food

441

(2)

Essential Concepts

443

(1)

Questions

444

(4)

Chapter 14 Intracellular Compartments and Transport

448

(34)

Membrane-bounded Organelles

448

(4)

Eucaryotic Cells Contain a Basic Set of Membrane-bounded Organelles

449

(1)

Membrane-bounded Organelles Evolved in Different Ways

450

(2)

Protein Sorting

452

(10)

Proteins Are Imported into Organelles by Three Mechanisms

453

(1)

Signal Sequences Direct Proteins to the Correct Compartment

453

(2)

Proteins Enter the Nucleus Through Nuclear Pores

455

(2)

Proteins Unfold to Enter Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

457

(1)

Proteins Enter the Endoplasmic Reticulum While Being Synthesized

458

(1)

Soluble Proteins Are Released into the ER Lumen

459

(2)

Start and Stop Signals Determine the Arrangement of a Transmembrane Protein in the Lipid Bilayer

461

(1)

Vesicular Transport

462

(5)

Transport Vesicles Carry Soluble Proteins and Membrane Between Compartments

463

(1)

Vesicle Budding Is Driven by the Assembly of a Protein Coat

463

(2)

The Specificity of Vesicle Docking Depends on SNAREs

465

(2)

Secretory Pathways

467

(5)

Most Proteins Are Covalently Modified in the ER

467

(1)

Exit from the ER Is Controlled to Ensure Protein Quality

468

(1)

Proteins Are Further Modified and Sorted in the Golgi Apparatus

469

(1)

Secretory Proteins Are Released from the Cell by Exocytosis

470

(2)

Endocytic Pathways

472

(6)

Specialized Phagocytic Cells Ingest Large Particles

472

(1)

Fluid and Macromolecules Are Taken Up by Pinocytosis

473

(1)

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Provides a Specific Route into Animal Cells

474

(1)

Endocytosed Macromolecules Are Sorted in Endosomes

475

(1)

Lysosomes Are the Principal Sites of Intracellular Digestion

476

(2)

Essential Concepts

478

(1)

Questions

479

(3)

Chapter 15 Cell Communication

482

(32)

General Principles of Cell Signaling

482

(11)

Signals Can Act over Long or Short Range

482

(2)

Each Cell Responds to a Limited Set of Signals

484

(2)

Receptors Relay Signals via Intracellular Signaling Pathways

486

(2)

Some Signal Molecules Can Cross the Plasma Membrane

488

(1)

Nitric Oxide Can Enter Cells to Activate Enzymes Directly

489

(1)

There Are Three Main Classes of Cell-Surface Receptors

490

(1)

Ion-Channel-linked Receptors Convert Chemical Signals into Electrical Ones

491

(1)

Intracellular Signaling Cascades Act as a Series of Molecular Switches

492

(1)

G-Protein-linked Receptors

493

(11)

Stimulation of G-Protein-linked Receptors Activates G-Protein Subunits

493

(2)

Some G Proteins Regulate Ion Channels

495

(1)

Some G Proteins Activate Membrane-bound Enzymes

496

(1)

The Cyclic AMP Pathway Can Activate Enzymes and Turn On Genes

497

(2)

The Pathway Through Phospholipase C Results in a Rise in Intracellular Ca(2+)

499

(2)

A Ca(2+) Signal Triggers Many Biological Processes

501

(1)

Intracellular Signaling Cascades Can Achieve Astonishing Speed, Sensitivity, and Adaptability: Photoreceptors in the Eye

502

(2)

Enzyme-linked Receptors

504

(6)

Activated Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Assemble a Complex of Intracellular Signaling Proteins

505

(1)

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate the GTP-binding Protein Ras

506

(2)

Protein Kinase Networks Integrate Information to Control Complex Cell Behaviors

508

(2)

Essential Concepts

510

(1)

Questions

511

(3)

Chapter 16 Cytoskeleton

514

(35)

Intermediate Filaments

514

(4)

Intermediate Filaments Are Strong and Durable

515

(1)

Intermediate Filaments Strengthen Cells Against Mechanical Stress

516

(2)

Microtubules

518

(11)

Microtubules Are Hollow Tubes with Structurally Distinct Ends

519

(1)

Microtubules Are Maintained by a Balance of Assembly and Disassembly

519

(2)

The Centrosome Is the Major Microtubule-organizing Center in Animal Cells

521

(1)

Growing Microtubules Show Dynamic Instability

522

(1)

Microtubules Organize the Interior of the Cell

523

(2)

Motor Proteins Drive Intracellular Transport

525

(1)

Organelles Move Along Microtubules

526

(1)

Cilia and Flagella Contain Stable Microtubules Moved by Dynein

527

(2)

Actin Filaments

529

(14)

Actin Filaments Are Thin and Flexible

530

(1)

Actin and Tubulin Polymerize by Similar Mechanisms

531

(1)

Many Proteins Bind to Actin and Modify Its Properties

532

(1)

Actin-rich Cortex Underlines the Plasma Membrane of Most Eucaryotic Cells

533

(1)

Cell Crawling Depends on Actin

533

(3)

Actin Associates with Myosin to Form Contractile Structures

536

(2)

During Muscle Contraction Actin Filaments Slide Against Myosin Filaments

538

(1)

Muscle Contraction Is Triggered by a Sudden Rise in Ca(2+)

539

(4)

Essential Concepts

543

(1)

Questions

544

(5)

Chapter 17 Cell Division

549

(23)

Overview of the Cell Cycle

549

(3)

The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle Is Divided into Four Phases

549

(2)

The Cytoskeleton Carries Out Both Mitosis and Cytokinesis

551

(1)

Some Organelles Fragment at Mitosis

551

(1)

Mitosis

552

(8)

The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in Prophase

552

(1)

Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at Prometaphase

553

(4)

Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator at Metaphase

557

(1)

Daughter Chromosomes Segregate at Anaphase

557

(2)

The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase

559

(1)

Cytokinesis

560

(3)

The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of Cytoplasmic Cleavage

560

(1)

The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made of Actin and Myosin

561

(1)

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves New Cell-Wall Formation

562

(1)

Meiosis

563

(4)

Homologous Chromosomes Pair Off During Meiosis

563

(1)

Meiosis Involves Two Cell Divisions Rather Than One

564

(3)

Essential Concepts

567

(1)

Questions

568

(4)

Chapter 18 Cell-Cycle Control and Cell Death

572

(22)

The Cell-Cycle Control System

572

(10)

A Central Control System Triggers the Major Processes of the Cell Cycle

572

(2)

The Cell-Cycle Control System Is Based on Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases

574

(1)

MPF Is the Cyclin-Cdk Complex That Controls Entry into M Phase

575

(1)

Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases Are Regulated by the Accumulation and Destruction of Cyclin

576

(2)

The Activity of Cdks Is Further Regulated by Their Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

578

(1)

Different Cyclin-Cdk Complexes Trigger Different Steps in the Cell Cycle

578

(2)

The Cell Cycle Can Be Halted in G(1) by Cdk Inhibitor Proteins

580

(1)

Cells Can Dismantle Their Control System and Withdraw from the Cell Cycle

581

(1)

Control of Cell Numbers in Multicellular Organisms

582

(7)

Cell Proliferation Depends on Signals from Other Cells

582

(2)

Animal Cells Have a Built-in Limitation on the Number of Times They Will Divide

584

(1)

Animal Cells Require Signals from Other Cells to Avoid Programmed Cell Death

584

(1)

Programmed Cell Death Is Mediated by an Intracellular Proteolytic Cascade

585

(2)

Cancer Cells Disobey the Social Controls on Cell Proliferation and Survival

587

(2)

Essential Concepts

589

(1)

Questions

590

(4)

Chapter 19 Tissues

594

Extracellular Matrix and Connective Tissues

594

(11)

Plant Cells Have Tough External Walls

594

(2)

Cellulose Fibers Give the Plant Cell Wall Its Tensile Strength

596

(4)

Animal Connective Tissues Consist Largely of Extracellular Matrix

600

(1)

Collagen Provides Tensile Strength in Animal Connective Tissues

600

(2)

Cells Organize the Collagen That They Secrete

602

(1)

Integrins Couple the Matrix Outside a Cell to the Cytoskeleton Inside It

603

(1)

Gels of Polysaccharide and Protein Fill Spaces and Resist Compression

604

(1)

Epithelial Sheets and Cell-Cell Junctions

605

(8)

Epithelial Sheets Are Polarized and Rest on a Basal Lamina

606

(1)

Tight Junctions Make an Epithelium Leak-proof and Separate Its Apical and Basal Surfaces

607

(2)

Cytoskeleton-linked Junctions Bind Epithelial Cells Robustly to One Another and to the Basal Lamina

609

(3)

Gap Junctions Allow Ions and Small Molecules to Pass from Cell to Cell

612

(1)

Tissue Maintenance and Renewal, and Its Disruption by Cancer

613

(8)

Different Tissues Are Renewed at Different Rates

615

(1)

Stem Cells Generate a Continuous Supply of Terminally Differentiated Cells

615

(3)

Mutations in a Single Dividing Cell Can Cause It and Its Progeny to Violate the Normal Controls

618

(1)

Cancer Is a Consequence of Mutation and Natural Selection Within the Population of Cells That Form the Body

619

(1)

Cancer Requires an Accumulation of Mutations

620

(1)

Development

621

(7)

Programmed Cell Movements Create the Animal Body Plan

622

(1)

Cells Switch On Different Sets of Genes According to Their Position and Their History

622

(2)

Diffusible Signals Can Provide Cells with Positional Information

624

(2)

Studies in Drosophila Have Given a Key to Vertebrate Development

626

(1)

Similar Genes Are Used Throughout the Animal Kingdom to Give Cells an Internal Record of Their Position

627

(1)

Essential Concepts

628

(1)

Questions

629

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Essential Cell Biology

Essential Cell Biology

9780815320456

0815320450

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Essential Cell Biology

Essential Cell Biology

9780815320456

0815320450

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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