9780143036586

Hailed by Time as one of the world's hundred most influential people, Jeffrey Sachs is renowned for his work around the globe advising economies in crisis. Now he distills twenty-five years of experience to offer a uniquely informed vision of the steps that can transform impoverished countries into prosperous ones. Marrying vivid storytelling with rigorous analysis, Sachs lays out a clear conceptual map of the world economy. Explaining his own work in Bolivia, Russia, India, China, and Africa, he offers an integrated set of solutions to the interwoven economic, political, environmental, and social problems that challenge the world's poorest countries. The End of Poverty is an indispensable work, with the power to remake the world. Book jacket.

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Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and special advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on the Millennium Development Goals. He is internationally renowned for his work as an economic advisor to governments around the world.

Acknowledgments	p. vii
Foreword	p. xii
Preface to the Paperback Edition	p. xvi
Introduction	p. 1
A Global Family Portrait	p. 5
The Spread of Economic Prosperity	p. 26
Why Some Countries Fail to Thrive	p. 51
Clinical Economics	p. 74
Bolivia's High-Altitude Hyperinflation	p. 90
Poland's Return to Europe	p. 109
Reaping the Whirlwind: Russia's Struggle for Normalcy	p. 131
China: Catching up after Half a Millennium	p. 148
India's Market Reforms: The Triumph of Hope Over Fear	p. 170
The Voiceless Dying: Africa and Disease	p. 188
The Millennium, 9/11, and the United Nations	p. 210
On-the-Ground Solutions for Ending Poverty	p. 226
Making the Investments Needed to End Poverty	p. 244
A Global Compact to End Poverty	p. 266
Can the Rich Afford to Help the Poor?	p. 288
Myths and Magic Bullets	p. 309
Why we Should do it	p. 329
Our Generation's Challenge	p. 347
Works Cited	p. 369
Further Reading	p. 372
Notes	p. 376
Index	p. 385
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The path from poverty to development has come incredibly fast in the span of human history. Two hundred years ago, the idea that we could potentially achieve the end of poverty would have been unimaginable. Just about everybody was poor with the exception of a very small minority of royals and landed gentry. Life was as difficult in much of Europe as it was in India or China. With very few exceptions, your great-great-grandparents were poor and most likely living on the farm. One leading economic historian, Angus Maddison, puts the average income per person in Western Europe in 1820 at around 90 percent of the average income of sub-Saharan Africa today. Life expectancy in Western Europe and Japan as of 1800 was probably about forty years.

There was little sense a few centuries ago of vast divides in wealth and poverty around the world. China, India, Europe, and Japan all had similar income levels at the time of European discoveries of the sea routes to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Marco Polo, of course, marveled at the sumptuous wonders of China, not at its poverty. Cortés and his conquistadores expressed astonishment at the riches of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztecs. The early Portuguese explorers in Africa were impressed with the well-ordered towns in West Africa.

Until the mid-1700s, the world was remarkably poor by any of today’s standards. Life expectancy was extremely low; children died in vast numbers in the now rich countries as well as the poor countries. Disease and epidemics, not just the black death of Europe, but many waves of disease, from smallpox and measles to other epidemics, regularly washed through society and killed mass numbers of people. Episodes of hunger and extreme weather and climate fluctuations sent societies crashing. The rise and fall of the Roman Empire, for Arnold Toynbee, was much like the rise and decline of all other civilizations before and since. Economic history had long been one of ups and downs, growth followed by decline, rather than sustained economic progress.

The Novelty of Modern Economic Growth

If we are to understand why vast gaps between rich and poor exist today, we need therefore to understand a very recent period of human history during which these vast gaps opened. The past two centuries, since around 1800, constitute a unique era in economic history, a period that the great economic historian Simon Kuznets famously termed the period of Modern Economic Growth, or MEG for short. Before the era of MEG, indeed for thousands of years, there had been virtually no sustained economic growth in the world and only gradual increases in the human population…;