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Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems

by: Wildi, Theodore

Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems

by: Wildi, Theodore

ISBN 13:
9780130824608
ISBN 10:
0130824607
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 09/01/1999
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

For one-semester, undergraduate-level courses in Motor Controls, Electric Machines, Power Electronics, and Electric Power. This best-selling text employs a theoretical, practical, multidisciplinary approach to provide introductory students with a broad understanding of modern electric power. The scope of the book reflects the rapid changes that have occurred in power technology over the past few yearsallowing the entrance of power electronics into every facet of industrial drives, and expanding the field to open more career opportunities.

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS

(68)

1. UNITS

(12)

1.0 Introduction

(1)

1.1 Systems of units

(1)

1.2 Getting used to SI

(1)

1.3 Base and derived units of the SI

(1)

1.4 Definitions of base units

(1)

1.5 Definitions of derived units

(2)

1.6 Multiples and submultiples of SI units

(1)

1.7 Commonly used units

(1)

1.8 Conversion charts and their use

(1)

1.9 The per-unit system of measurement

(1)

1.10 Per-unit system with one base

(1)

1.11 Per-unit system with two bases

(1)

Questions and Problems

(3)

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND CIRCUITS

(35)

2.0 Introduction

(1)

2.1 Conventional and electron current flow

(1)

2.2 Distinction between sources and loads

(1)

2.3 Sign notation

(1)

2.4 Double-subscript notation for voltages

(1)

2.5 Sign notation for voltages

(1)

2.6 Graph of an alternating voltage

(1)

2.7 Positive and negative currents

(1)

2.8 Sinusoidal voltage

(1)

2.9 Converting cosine functions into sine functions

(1)

2.10 Effective value of an ac voltage

(1)

2.11 Phasor representation

(2)

2.12 Harmonics

(2)

2.13 Energy in an inductor

(1)

2.14 Energy in a capacitor

(1)

2.15 Some useful equations

(1)

ELECTROMAGNETISM

2.16 Magnetic field intensity H and flux density B

(1)

2.17 B-H curve of vacuum

(1)

2.18 B-H curve of a magnetic material

(1)

2.19 Determining the relative permeability

(1)

2.20 Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

(1)

2.21 Voltage induced in a conductor

(1)

2.22 Lorentz force on a conductor

(1)

2.23 Direction of the force acting on a straight conductor

(1)

2.24 Residual flux density and coercive force

(1)

2.25 Hysteresis loop

(1)

2.26 Hysteresis loss

(1)

2.27 Hysteresis losses caused by rotation

(1)

2.28 Eddy currents

(1)

2.29 Eddy currents in a stationary iron core

(1)

2.30 Eddy-current losses in a revolving core

(1)

2.31 Current in an inductor

(4)

CIRCUITS AND EQUATIONS

2.32 Kirchhoff's voltage law

(1)

2.33 Kirchhoff's voltage law and double-subscript notation

(1)

2.34 Kirchhoff's current law

(1)

2.35 Currents, impedances, and associated voltages

(2)

2.36 Kirchhoff's laws and ac circuits

(1)

2.37 KVL and sign notation

(1)

2.38 Solving ac and dc circuits with sign notation

(1)

2.39 Circuits and hybrid notation

(1)

Questions and Problems

(4)

3. FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS AND HEAT

(21)

3.0 Introduction

(1)

3.1 Force

(1)

3.2 Torque

(1)

3.3 Mechanical work

(1)

3.4 Power

(1)

3.5 Power of a motor

(1)

3.6 Transformation of energy

(1)

3.7 Efficiency of a machine

(1)

3.8 Kinetic energy of linear motion

(1)

3.9 Kinetic energy of rotation, moment of inertia

(3)

3.10 Torque, inertia, and change in speed

(1)

3.11 Speed of a motor/load system

(1)

3.12 Power flow in a mechanically coupled system

(1)

3.13 Motor driving a load having inertia

(1)

3.14 Electric motors driving linear motion loads

(1)

3.15 Heat and temperature

(1)

3.16 Temperature scales

(1)

3.17 Heat required to raise the temperature of a body

(1)

3.18 Transmission of heat

(1)

3.19 Heat transfer by conduction

(1)

3.20 Heat transfer by convection

(1)

3.21 Calculating the losses by convection

(1)

3.22 Heat transfer by radiation

(1)

3.23 Calculating radiation losses

(1)

Questions and Problems

(6)

PART II. ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS

(125)

4. DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS

(25)

4.0 Introduction

(1)

4.1 Generating an ac voltage

(1)

4.2 Direct-current generator

(1)

4.3 Difference between ac and dc generators

(1)

4.4 Improving the waveshape

(2)

4.5 Induced voltage

(1)

4.6 Neutral zones

(1)

4.7 Value of the induced voltage

(1)

4.8 Generator under load: the energy conversion process

(1)

4.9 Armature reaction

(1)

4.10 Shifting the brushes to improve commutation

(1)

4.11 Commutating poles

(1)

4.12 Separately excited generator

(1)

4.13 No-load operation and saturation curve

(1)

4.14 Shunt generator

(1)

4.15 Controlling the voltage of a shunt generator

(1)

4.16 Equivalent circuit

(1)

4.17 Separately excited generator under load

(1)

4.18 Shunt generator under load

(1)

4.19 Compound generator

(1)

4.20 Differential compound generator

(1)

4.21 Load characteristics

(1)

4.22 Generator specifications

(1)

CONSTRUCTION OF DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS

4.23 Field

(1)

4.24 Armature

(1)

4.25 Commutator and brushes

(2)

4.26 Details of a multipole generator

(3)

4.27 The ideal commutation process

(1)

4.28 The practical commutation process

(1)

Questions and Problems

(3)

5. DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS

(24)

5.0 Introduction

(1)

5.1 Counter-electromotive force (cemf)

(1)

5.2 Acceleration of the motor

(1)

5.3 Mechanical power and torque

(2)

5.4 Speed of rotation

100

(1)

5.5 Armature speed control

101

(1)

5.6 Field speed control

102

(1)

5.7 Shunt motor under load

103

(1)

5.8 Series motor

104

(1)

5.9 Series motor speed control

105

(1)

5.10 Applications of the series motor

106

(1)

5.11 Compound motor

106

(1)

5.12 Reversing the direction of rotation

107

(1)

5.13 Starting a shunt motor

108

(1)

5.14 Face-plate starter

108

(1)

5.15 Stopping a motor

109

(1)

5.16 Dynamic braking

109

(1)

5.17 Plugging

110

(1)

5.18 Dynamic braking and mechanical time constant

111

(2)

5.19 Armature reaction

113

(1)

5.20 Flux distortion due to armature reaction

113

(1)

5.21 Commutating poles

113

(1)

5.22 Compensating winding

114

(1)

5.23 Basics of variable speed control

114

(3)

5.24 Permanent magnet motors

117

(1)

Questions and Problems

118

(2)

6. EFFICIENCY AND HEATING OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

120

(14)

6.0 Introduction

120

(1)

6.1 Mechanical losses

120

(1)

6.2 Electrical losses

120

(3)

6.3 Losses as a function of load

123

(1)

6.4 Efficiency curve

123

(2)

6.5 Temperature rise

125

(1)

6.6 Life expectancy of electric equipment

126

(1)

6.7 Thermal classification of insulators

126

(1)

6.8 Maximum ambient temperature and hot-spot temperature rise

127

(2)

6.9 Temperature rise by the resistance method

129

(1)

6.10 Relationship between the speed and size of a machine

130

(1)

Questions and Problems

131

(3)

7. ACTIVE, REACTIVE, AND APPARENT POWER

134

(24)

7.0 Introduction

134

(1)

7.1 Instantaneous power

134

(2)

7.2 Active power

136

(1)

7.3 Reactive power

137

(1)

7.4 Definition of reactive load and reactive source

138

(1)

7.5 The capacitor and reactive power

139

(1)

7.6 Distinction between active and reactive power

140

(1)

7.7 Combined active and reactive loads: apparent power

141

(1)

7.8 Relationship between P, Q, and S

141

(2)

7.9 Power factor

143

(1)

7.10 Power triangle

144

(1)

7.11 Further aspects of sources and loads

144

(2)

7.12 Systems comprising several loads

146

(2)

7.13 Reactive power without magnetic fields

148

(1)

7.14 Solving AC circuits using the power triangle method

148

(3)

7.15 Power and vector notation

151

(3)

7.16 Rules on sources and loads (sign notation)

154

(1)

7.17 Rules on sources and loads (double subscript notation)

154

(1)

Questions and Problems

155

(3)

8. THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

158

(25)

8.0 Introduction

158

(1)

8.1 Polyphase systems

158

(1)

8.2 Single-phase generator

159

(1)

8.3 Power output of a single-phase generator

160

(1)

8.4 Two-phase generator

160

(1)

8.5 Power output of a 2-phase generator

161

(1)

8.6 Three-phase generator

162

(1)

8.7 Power output of a 3-phase generator

162

(2)

8.8 Wye connection

164

(1)

8.9 Voltage relationships

165

(2)

8.10 Delta connection

167

(1)

8.11 Power transmitted by a 3-phase line

168

(1)

8.12 Active, reactive and apparent power in 3-phase circuits

169

(1)

8.13 Solving 3-phase circuits

170

(1)

8.14 Industrial loads

171

(3)

8.15 Phase sequence

174

(1)

8.16 Determining the phase sequence

175

(1)

8.17 Power measurement in ac circuits

176

(1)

8.18 Power measurement in 3-phase, 3-wire circuits

176

(1)

8.19 Power measurement in 3-phase, 4-wire circuits

177

(1)

8.20 Varmeter

177

(1)

8.21 A remarkable single-phase to 3-phase transformation

178

(2)

Questions and Problems

180

(3)

9. THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

183

(14)

9.0 Introduction

183

(1)

9.1 Voltage induced in a coil

183

(1)

9.2 Applied voltage and induced voltage

184

(1)

9.3 Elementary transformer

185

(1)

9.4 Polarity of a transformer

186

(1)

9.5 Properties of polarity marks

186

(1)

9.6 Ideal transformer at no-load; voltage ratio

187

(1)

9.7 Ideal transformer under load; current ratio

188

(3)

9.8 Circuit symbol for an ideal transformer

191

(1)

9.9 Impedance ratio

191

(1)

9.10 Shifting impedances from secondary to primary and vice versa

192

(3)

Questions and Problems

195

(2)

10. PRACTICAL TRANSFORMERS

197

(28)

10.0 Introduction

197

(1)

10.1 Ideal transformer with an imperfect core

197

(2)

10.2 Ideal transformer with loose coupling

199

(1)

10.3 Primary and secondary leakage reactance

200

(2)

10.4 Equivalent circuit of a practical transformer

202

(1)

10.5 Construction of a power transformer

203

(1)

10.6 Standard terminal markings

204

(1)

10.7 Polarity tests

204

(1)

10.8 Transformer taps

205

(1)

10.9 Losses and transformer rating

206

(1)

10.10 No-load saturation curve

206

(1)

10.11 Cooling methods

207

(2)

10.12 Simplifying the equivalent circuit

209

(2)

10.13 Voltage regulation

211

(1)

10.14 Measuring transformer impedances

212

(3)

10.15 Introducing the per unit method

215

(1)

10.16 Impedance of a transformer

216

(1)

10.17 Typical per-unit impedances

216

(3)

10.18 Transformers in parallel

219

(2)

Questions and Problems

221

(4)

11. SPECIAL TRANSFORMERS

225

(18)

11.0 Introduction

225

(1)

11.1 Dual-voltage distribution transformer

225

(1)

11.2 Autotransformer

226

(2)

11.3 Conventional transformer connected as an autotransformer

228

(2)

11.4 Voltage transformers

230

(1)

11.5 Current transformers

231

(2)

11.6 Opening the secondary of a CT can be dangerous

233

(1)

11.7 Toroidal current transformers

234

(1)

11.8 Variable autotransformer

235

(1)

11.9 High-impedance transformers

236

(1)

11.10 Induction heating transformers

237

(1)

11.11 High-frequency transformers

238

(3)

Questions and Problems

241

(2)

12. THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

243

(20)

12.0 Introduction

243

(1)

12.1 Basic properties of 3-phase transformer banks

243

(1)

12.2 Delta-delta connection

244

(2)

12.3 Delta-wye connection

246

(1)

12.4 Wye-delta connection

247

(1)

12.5 Wye-wye connection

248

(1)

12.6 Open-delta connection

248

(1)

12.7 Three-phase transformers

249

(2)

12.8 Step-up and step-down autotransformer

251

(2)

12.9 Phase-shift principle

253

(1)

12.10 Three-phase to 2-phase transformation

254

(2)

12.11 Phase-shift transformer

256

(2)

12.12 Calculations involving 3-phase transformers

258

(2)

12.13 Polarity marking of 3-phase transformers

260

(1)

Questions and Problems

260

(3)

13. THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

263

(36)

13.0 Introduction

263

(1)

13.1 Principal components

263

(1)

13.2 Principle of operation

264

(1)

13.3 The rotating field

265

(5)

13.4 Direction of rotation

270

(1)

13.5 Number of poles-synchronous speed

271

(2)

13.6 Starting characteristics of a squirrelcage motor

273

(1)

13.7 Acceleration of the rotor-slip

274

(1)

13.8 Motor under load

274

(1)

13.9 Slip

274

(1)

13.10 Voltage and frequency induced in the rotor

275

(1)

13.11 Characteristics of squirrel-cage induction motors

276

(1)

13.12 Estimating the currents in an induction motor

277

(1)

13.13 Active power flow

278

(3)

13.14 Torque versus speed curve

281

(1)

13.15 Effect of rotor resistance

282

(2)

13.16 Wound-rotor motor

284

(1)

13.17 Three-phase windings

285

(3)

13.18 Sector motor

288

(1)

13.19 Linear induction motor

289

(2)

13.20 Traveling waves

291

(1)

13.21 Properties of a linear induction motor

291

(2)

13.22 Magnetic levitation

293

(2)

Questions and Problems

295

(4)

14. SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

299

(23)

14.0 Introduction

299

(1)

14.1 Standardization and classification of induction motors

299

(1)

14.2 Classification according to environment and cooling methods

299

(2)

14.3 Classification according to electrical and mechanical properties

301

(2)

14.4 Choice of motor speed

303

(1)

14.5 Two-speed motors

303

(2)

14.6 Induction motor characteristics under various load conditions

305

(3)

14.7 Starting an induction motor

308

(1)

14.8 Plugging an induction motor

308

(1)

14.9 Braking with direct current

309

(1)

14.10 Abnormal conditions

310

(1)

14.11 Mechanical overload

310

(1)

14.12 Line voltage changes

310

(1)

14.13 Single-phasing

310

(1)

14.14 Frequency variation

311

(1)

14.15 Induction motor operating as a generator

311

(3)

14.16 Complete torque-speed characteristic of an induction machine

314

(1)

14.17 Features of a wound-rotor induction motor

315

(1)

14.18 Start-up of high-inertia loads

315

(1)

14.19 Variable-speed drives

315

(1)

14.20 Frequency converter

315

(3)

Questions and Problems

318

(4)

15. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR

322

(13)

15.0 Introduction

322

(1)

15.1 The wound-rotor induction motor

322

(3)

15.2 Power relationships

325

(1)

15.3 Phasor diagram of the induction motor

326

(1)

15.4 Breakdown torque and speed

327

(1)

15.5 Equivalent circuit of two practical motors

327

(1)

15.6 Calculation of the breakdown torque

328

(1)

15.7 Torque-speed curve and other characteristics

329

(1)

15.8 Properties of an asynchronous generator

330

(1)

15.9 Tests to determine the equivalent circuit

331

(2)

Questions and Problems

333

(2)

16. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

335

(34)

16.0 Introduction

335

(1)

16.1 Commercial synchronous generators

335

(1)

16.2 Number of poles

335

(1)

16.3 Main features of the stator

336

(4)

16.4 Main features of the rotor

340

(2)

16.5 Field excitation and exciters

342

(1)

16.6 Brushless excitation

343

(1)

16.7 Factors affecting the size of synchronous generators

344

(1)

16.8 No-load saturation curve

345

(1)

16.9 Synchronous reactance-equivalent circuit of an ac generator

346

(2)

16.10 Determining the value of X(s)

348

(1)

16.11 Base impedance, per-unit X(s)

349

(1)

16.12 Short-circuit ratio

350

(1)

16.13 Synchronous generator under load

350

(2)

16.14 Regulation curves

352

(1)

16.15 Synchronization of a generator

353

(2)

16.16 Synchronous generator on an infinite bus

355

(1)

16.17 Infinite bus-effect of varying the exciting current

355

(1)

16.18 Infinite bus-effect of varying the mechanical torque

355

(2)

16.19 Physical interpretation of alternator behavior

357

(1)

16.20 Active power delivered by the generator

358

(1)

16.21 Control of active power

359

(1)

16.22 Transient reactance

359

(2)

16.23 Power transfer between two sources

361

(1)

16.24 Efficiency, power, and size of electrical machines

362

(2)

Questions and Problems

364

(5)

17. SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

369

(22)

17.0 Introduction

369

(1)

17.1 Construction

370

(2)

17.2 Starting a synchronous motor

372

(1)

17.3 Pull-in torque

372

(1)

17.4 Motor under load-general description

372

(1)

17.5 Motor under load-simple calculations

373

(3)

17.6 Power and torque

376

(1)

17.7 Mechanical and electrical angles

377

(1)

17.8 Reluctance torque

378

(1)

17.9 Losses and efficiency of a synchronous motor

379

(1)

17.10 Excitation and reactive power

380

(1)

17.11 Power factor rating

381

(1)

17.12 V-curves

382

(1)

17.13 Stopping synchronous motors

383

(2)

17.14 The synchronous motor versus the induction motor

385

(1)

17.15 Synchronous capacitor

385

(3)

Questions and Problems

388

(3)

18. SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS

391

(26)

18.0 Introduction

391

(1)

18.1 Construction of a single-phase induction motor

391

(2)

18.2 Synchronous speed

393

(1)

18.3 Torque-speed characteristic

394

(1)

18.4 Principle of operation

394

(2)

18.5 Locked-rotor torque

396

(1)

18.6 Resistance split-phase motor

396

(2)

18.7 Capacitor-start motor

398

(1)

18.8 Efficiency and power factor of single-phase induction motors

399

(2)

18.9 Vibration of single-phase motors

401

(1)

18.10 Capacitor-run motor

402

(1)

18.11 Reversing the direction of rotation

403

(1)

18.12 Shaded-pole motor

403

(1)

18.13 Universal motor

404

(1)

18.14 Hysteresis motor

405

(2)

18.15 Synchronous reluctance motor

407

(1)

18.16 Synchro drive

408

(1)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE-PHASE MOTOR

18.17 Magnetomotive force distribution

409

(1)

18.18 Revolving mmfs in a single-phase motor

410

(1)

18.19 Deducing the circuit diagram of a single-phase motor

411

(3)

Questions and Problems

414

(3)

19. STEPPER MOTORS

417

(22)

19.0 Introduction

417

(1)

19.1 Elementary stepper motor

417

(1)

19.2 Effect of inertia

418

(1)

19.3 Effect of a mechanical load

419

(1)

19.4 Torque versus current

420

(1)

19.5 Start-stop stepping rate

420

(1)

19.6 Slew speed

421

(1)

19.7 Ramping

422

(1)

19.8 Types of stepper motors

422

(2)

19.9 Motor windings and associated drives

424

(3)

19.10 High-speed operation

427

(1)

19.11 Modifying the time constant

428

(1)

19.12 Bilevel drive

428

(6)

19.13 Instability and resonance

434

(1)

19.14 Stepper motors and linear drives

434

(1)

Questions and Problems

434

(5)

PART III. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC DRIVES

439

(196)

20. BASICS OF INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL

439

(33)

20.0 Introduction

439

(1)

20.1 Control devices

439

(4)

20.2 Normally-open and normally-closed contacts

443

(1)

20.3 Relay coil exciting current

443

(2)

20.4 Control diagrams

445

(1)

20.5 Starting methods

446

(1)

20.6 Manual across-the-line starters

447

(1)

20.7 Magnetic across-the-line starters

448

(2)

20.8 Inching and jogging

450

(1)

20.9 Reversing the direction of rotation

451

(2)

20.10 Plugging

453

(1)

20.11 Reduced-voltage starting

454

(1)

20.12 Primary resistance starting

454

(4)

20.13 Autotransformer starting

458

(2)

20.14 Other starting methods

460

(1)

20.15 Cam switches

461

(1)

ELECTRIC DRIVES

20.16 Fundamentals of electric drives

462

(1)

20.17 Typical torque-speed curves

463

(1)

20.18 Shape of the torque-speed curve

464

(2)

20.19 Current-speed curves

466

(1)

20.20 Regenerative braking

467

(1)

Questions and Problems

468

(4)

21. FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF POWER ELECTRONICS

472

(69)

21.0 Introduction

472

(1)

21.1 Potential level

472

(2)

21.2 Voltage across some circuit elements

474

(1)

THE DIODE AND DIODE CIRCUITS

21.3 The diode

475

(1)

21.4 Main characteristics of a diode

476

(1)

21.5 Battery charger with series resistor

476

(2)

21.6 Battery charger with series inductor

478

(2)

21.7 Single-phase bridge rectifier

480

(1)

21.8 Filters

481

(2)

21.9 Three-phase, 3-pulse diode rectifier

483

(2)

21.10 Three-phase, 6-pulse rectifier

485

(4)

21.11 Effective line current, fundamental line current

489

(1)

21.12 Distortion power factor

490

(1)

21.13 Displacement power factor, total power factor

490

(1)

21.14 Harmonic content, THD

491

(1)

THE THYRISTOR AND THYRISTOR CIRCUITS

21.15 The thyristor

492

(1)

21.16 Principles of gate firing

492

(2)

21.17 Power gain of a thyristor

494

(1)

21.18 Current interruption and forced commutation

495

(1)

21.19 Basic thyristor power circuits

496

(1)

21.20 Controlled rectifier supplying a passive load (Circuit 1, Table 21 D)

496

(1)

21.21 Controlled rectifier supplying an active load (Circuit 2, Table 21D)

497

(1)

21.22 Line-commutated inverter (Circuit 3, Table 21D)

498

(2)

21.23 AC static switch (Circuit 4, Table 21D)

500

(1)

21.24 Cycloconverter (Circuit 5, Table 21D)

501

(1)

21.25 Three-phase, 6-pulse controllable converter (Circuit 6, Table 21D)

502

(1)

21.26 Basic principle of operation

503

(1)

21.27 Three-phase, 6-pulse rectifier feeding an active load

504

(1)

21.28 Delayed triggering-rectifier mode

505

(2)

21.29 Delayed triggering-inverter mode

507

(1)

21.30 Triggering range

508

(1)

21.31 Equivalent circuit of a converter

509

(2)

21.32 Currents in a 3-phase, 6-pulse converter

511

(1)

21.33 Power factor

511

(3)

21.34 Commutation overlap

514

(1)

21.35 Extinction angle

514

(1)

DC-TO-DC SWITCHING CONVERTERS

21.36 Semiconductor switches

515

(2)

21.37 DC-to-DC switching converter

517

(2)

21.38 Rapid switching

519

(3)

21.39 Impedance transformation

522

(1)

21.40 Basic 2-quadrant dc-to-dc converter

522

(3)

21.41 Two-quadrant electronic converter

525

(1)

21.42 Four-quadrant dc-to-dc converter

526

(2)

21.43 Switching losses

528

(1)

DC-TO-AC SWITCHING CONVERTERS

21.44 Dc-to-ac rectangular wave converter

529

(1)

21.45 Dc-to-ac converter with pulse-width modulation

530

(2)

21.46 Dc-to-ac sine wave converter

532

(1)

21.47 Generating a sine wave

533

(1)

21.48 Creating the PWM pulse train

534

(1)

21.49 Dc-to-ac 3-phase converter

535

(2)

21.50 Conclusion

537

(1)

Questions and Problems

537

(4)

22. ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS

541

(34)

22.0 Introduction

541

(1)

22.1 First quadrant speed control

541

(3)

22.2 Two-quadrant control-field reversal

544

(1)

22.3 Two-quadrant control-armature reversal

545

(1)

22.4 Two-quadrant control-two converters

545

(1)

22.5 Four-quadrant control-two converters with circulating current

546

(3)

22.6 Two-quadrant control with positive torque

549

(1)

22.7 Four-quadrant drive

549

(2)

22.8 Six-pulse converter with freewheeling diode

551

(5)

22.9 Half-bridge converter

556

(2)

22.10 DC traction

558

(2)

22.11 Motor drive using a dc-to-dc switching converter

560

(5)

22.12 Introduction to brushless dc motors

565

(1)

22.13 Commutator replaced by reversing switches

566

(2)

22.14 Synchronous motor as a brushless dc machine

568

(1)

22.15 Standard synchronous motor and brushless dc machine

569

(1)

22.16 Practical application of a brushless dc motor

569

(2)

Questions and Problems

571

(4)

23. ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS

575

(60)

23.0 Introduction

575

(1)

23.1 Types of ac drives

575

(2)

23.2 Synchronous motor drive using current-source dc link

577

(3)

23.3 Synchronous motor and cycloconverter

580

(1)

23.4 Cycloconverter voltage and frequency control

580

(2)

23.5 Squirrel-cage induction motor with cycloconverter

582

(7)

23.6 Squirrel-cage motor and static voltage controller

589

(1)

23.7 Soft-starting cage motors

590

(2)

SELF-COMMUTATED INVERTERS

23.8 Self-commutated inverters for cage motors

592

(1)

23.9 Current-source self-commutated frequency converter (rectangular wave)

593

(1)

23.10 Voltage-source self-commutated frequency converter (rectangular wave)

594

(3)

23.11 Chopper speed control of a wound-rotor induction motor

597

(2)

23.12 Recovering power in a wound-rotor induction motor

599

(3)

PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION DRIVES

23.13 Review of pulse-width modulation

602

(2)

23.14 Pulse-width modulation and induction motors

604

(1)

TORQUE AND SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS

23.15 Dc motor and flux orientation

604

(1)

23.16 Slip speed, flux orientation, and torque

605

(2)

23.17 Features of variable-speed control-constant torque mode

607

(3)

23.18 Features of variable-speed control-constant horsepower mode

610

(1)

23.19 Features of variable-speed control-generator mode

610

(1)

23.20 Induction motor and its equivalent circuit

611

(1)

23.21 Equivalent circuit of a practical motor

612

(1)

23.22 Volts per hertz of a practical motor

613

(1)

23.23 Speed and torque control of induction motors

614

(1)

23.24 Carrier frequencies

615

(1)

23.25 Dynamic control of induction motors

615

(1)

23.26 Principle of flux vector control

616

(2)

23.27 Variable-speed drive and electric traction

618

(3)

23.28 Principal components

621

(1)

23.29 Operating mode of the 3-phase converter

622

(2)

23.30 Operating mode of the single-phase converter

624

(5)

23.31 Conclusion

629

(1)

Questions and Problems

629

(6)

PART IV. ELECTRIC UTILITY POWER SYSTEMS

635

(196)

24. GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

635

(29)

24.0 Introduction

635

(1)

24.1 Demand of an electrical system

635

(2)

24.2 Location of the generating station

637

(1)

24.3 Types of generating stations

637

(1)

24.4 Controlling the power balance between generator and load

638

(1)

24.5 Advantage of interconnected systems

639

(2)

24.6 Conditions during an outage

641

(1)

24.7 Frequency and electric clocks

642

(1)

HYDROPOWER GENERATING STATIONS

24.8 Available hydro power

642

(1)

24.9 Types of hydropower stations

643

(1)

24.10 Makeup of a hydropower plant

644

(2)

24.11 Pumped-storage installations

646

(2)

THERMAL GENERATING STATIONS

24.12 Makeup of a thermal generating station

648

(2)

24.13 Turbines

650

(1)

24.14 Condenser

650

(1)

24.15 Cooling towers

650

(1)

24.16 Boiler-feed pump

651

(1)

24.17 Energy flow diagram for a steam plant

651

(1)

24.18 Thermal stations and the environment

652

(3)

NUCLEAR GENERATING STATIONS

24.19 Composition of an atomic nucleus; isotopes

655

(1)

24.20 The source of uranium

655

(1)

24.21 Energy released by atomic fission

656

(1)

24.22 Chain reaction

656

(1)

24.23 Types of nuclear reactors

657

(1)

24.24 Example of a light-water reactor

658

(1)

24.25 Example of a heavy-water reactor

659

(1)

24.26 Principle of the fast breeder reactor

660

(1)

24.27 Nuclear fusion

661

(1)

Questions and Problems

661

(3)

25. TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

664

(34)

25.0 Introduction

664

(1)

25.1 Principal components of a power distribution system

664

(1)

25.2 Types of power lines

665

(2)

25.3 Standard voltages

667

(1)

25.4 Components of a HV transmission line

667

(1)

25.5 Construction of a line

668

(1)

25.6 Galloping lines

669

(1)

25.7 Corona effect-radio interference

669

(1)

25.8 Pollution

669

(1)

25.9 Lightning strokes

670

(1)

25.10 Lightning arresters on buildings

671

(1)

25.11 Lightning and transmission lines

671

(1)

25.12 Basic impulse insulation level (BIL)

672

(1)

25.13 Ground wires

673

(1)

25.14 Tower grounding

673

(2)

25.15 Fundamental objectives of a transmission line

675

(1)

25.16 Equivalent circuit of a line

676

(1)

25.17 Typical impedance values

676

(2)

25.18 Simplifying the equivalent circuit

678

(2)

25.19 Voltage regulation and power-transmission capability of transmission lines

680

(1)

25.20 Resistive line

680

(1)

25.21 Inductive line

681

(2)

25.22 Compensated inductive line

683

(2)

25.23 Inductive line connecting two systems

685

(1)

25.24 Review of power transmission

686

(1)

25.25 Choosing the line voltage

687

(2)

25.26 Methods of increasing the power capacity

689

(1)

25.27 Extra-high-voltage lines

689

(3)

25.28 Power exchange between power centers

692

(1)

25.29 Practical example of power exchange

693

(2)

Questions and Problems

695

(3)

26. DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

698

(31)

26.0 Introduction

698

(1)

SUBSTATIONS

26.1 Substation equipment

698

(1)

26.2 Circuit breakers

698

(4)

26.3 Air-break switches

702

(1)

26.4 Disconnecting switches

702

(1)

26.5 Grounding switches

702

(1)

26.6 Surge arresters

702

(3)

26.7 Current-limiting reactors

705

(1)

26.8 Grounding transformer

706

(1)

26.9 Example of a substation

707

(2)

26.10 Medium-voltage distribution

709

(1)

26.11 Low-voltage distribution

709

(5)

PROTECTION OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

26.12 Coordination of the protective devices

714

(1)

26.13 Fused cutouts

715

(1)

26.14 Reclosers

716

(1)

26.15 Sectionalizers

716

(1)

26.16 Review of MV protection

717

(1)

LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION

26.17 LV distribution system

717

(2)

26.18 Grounding electrical installations

719

(1)

26.19 Electric shock

719

(1)

26.20 Grounding of 120 V and 240 V/120 V systems

720

(1)

26.21 Equipment grounding

721

(2)

26.22 Ground-fault circuit breaker

723

(1)

26.23 Rapid conductor heating: I^(2)t factor

724

(1)

26.24 The role of fuses

725

(1)

26.25 Electrical installation in buildings

725

(1)

26.26 Principal components of an electrical installation

725

(2)

Questions and Problems

727

(2)

27. THE COST OF ELECTRICITY

729

(17)

27.0 Introduction

729

(1)

27.1 Tariff based upon energy

730

(1)

27.2 Tariff based upon demand

730

(1)

27.3 Demand meter

730

(2)

27.4 Tariff based upon power factor

732

(1)

27.5 Typical rate structures

733

(1)

27.6 Demand controllers

733

(4)

27.7 Power factor correction

737

(3)

27.8 Measuring electrical energy, the watthourmeter

740

(1)

27.9 Operation of the watthourmeter

741

(1)

27.10 Meter readout

742

(1)

27.11 Measuring three-phase energy and power

743

(1)

Questions and Problems

743

(3)

28. DIRECT-CURRENT TRANSMISSION

746

(22)

28.0 Introduction

746

(1)

28.1 Features of dc transmission

746

(1)

28.2 Basic dc transmission system

747

(1)

28.3 Voltage, current, and power relationships

748

(3)

28.4 Power fluctuations on a dc line

751

(1)

28.5 Typical rectifier and inverter characteristic

752

(1)

28.6 Power control

753

(1)

28.7 Effect of voltage fluctuations

754

(1)

28.8 Bipolar transmission line

754

(1)

28.9 Power reversal

755

(1)

28.10 Components of a dc transmission line

755

(1)

28.11 Inductors and harmonic filters on the dc side (6-pulse converter)

756

(1)

28.12 Converter transformers

756

(1)

28.13 Reactive power source

757

(1)

28.14 Harmonic filters on the ac side

757

(1)

28.15 Communications link

757

(1)

28.16 Ground electrode

757

(1)

28.17 Example of a monopolar converter station

757

(1)

28.18 Thyristor converter station

758

(2)

28.19 Typical installations

760

(5)

Questions and Problems

765

(3)

29. TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SOLID-STATE CONTROLLERS

768

(31)

TRANSMISSION POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS

29.0 Introduction

768

(1)

29.1 Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)

769

(2)

29.2 Vernier control

771

(2)

29.3 Static synchronous compensator

773

(3)

29.4 Eliminating the harmonics

776

(1)

29.5 Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

776

(4)

29.6 Static frequency changer

780

(2)

DISTRIBUTION CUSTOM POWER PRODUCTS

29.7 Disturbances on distribution systems

782

(2)

29.8 Why PWM converters?

784

(1)

29.9 Distribution system

785

(2)

29.10 Compensators and circuit analysis

787

(1)

29.11 The shunt compensator: principle of operation

787

(6)

29.12 The series compensator: principle of operation

793

(3)

29.13 Conclusion

796

(1)

Questions and Problems

797

(2)

30. HARMONICS

799

(32)

30.0 Introduction

799

(1)

30.1 Harmonics and phasor diagrams

799

(1)

30.2 Effective value of a distorted wave

800

(1)

30.3 Crest factor and total harmonic distortion (THD)

801

(1)

30.4 Harmonics and circuits

802

(2)

30.5 Displacement power factor and total power factor

804

(1)

30.6 Non-linear loads

804

(1)

30.7 Generating harmonics

805

(2)

30.8 Correcting the power factor

807

(1)

30.9 Generation of reactive power

808

(1)

EFFECT OF HARMONICS

30.10 Harmonic current in a capacitor

809

(1)

30.11 Harmonic currents in a conductor

810

(1)

30.12 Distorted voltage and flux in a coil

810

(2)

30.13 Harmonic currents in a 3-phase, 4-wire distribution system

812

(1)

30.14 Harmonics and resonance

813

(5)

30.15 Harmonic filters

818

(1)

30.16 Harmonics in the supply network

819

(2)

30.17 Transformers and the K factor

821

(2)

30.18 Procedure of analyzing a periodic wave

823

(4)

Questions and Problems

827

(4)

References

831

(6)

Appendix

837

(8)

AXO Conversion Charts

837

(4)

AX1 Properties of Insulating Materials

841

(1)

AX2 Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Some Common Conductors (and Insulators)

842

(1)

AX3 Properties of Round Copper Conductors

843

(2)

Answers to Problems

845

(4)

Answers to Industrial Application Problems

849

(2)

Index

851

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Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems

Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems

9780130824608

0130824607

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems

Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems

9780130824608

0130824607

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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