Part 1 Becoming an Effective Reader 1

Chapter 1 A Reading System for Effective Readers 3

Define Prior Knowledge 3

Use the Three Phases of the Reading Process with SQ3R 6

Before Reading: Survey and Question 7

Survey 7

Question 8

During Reading: Read and Annotate 10

Read 10

Annotate 11

After Reading: Recite and Review 13

Recite 13

Review 13

Develop Textbook Skills: Ask and Answer Questions Before, During, and After

Reading 15

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications of the

Reading Process 20

Academic Application 20

Personal Application 21

Career Application 23

Review Tests 25

After Reading About a Reading

System for Effective Readers 34

Mastery Tests 35

Chapter Review: Summary of Key

Concepts of a Reading System

for Effective Readers 43

Chapter 2 Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills 45

Before Reading About Vocabulary Skills 45

Define Vocabulary 46

Analyze Context Clues: A SAGE Approach 46

Synonyms 47

Antonyms 49

General Context 50

Examples 52

Develop Textbook Skills: Using a Glossary 53

Analyze Word Parts: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes 58

Roots 60

Prefixes 62

Suffixes 64

Use an Online Dictionary 66

How to Access and Read an Online Dictionary Entry 67

Spelling and Syllables 67

Parts of Speech 69

Definitions 71

Develop Textbook Skills: Learning Content Words and Textbook Definitions 72

Content Words 72

Textbook Definitions 73

Visual Vocabulary 74

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications

of Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills 77

Academic Application 77

Personal Application 79

Career Application 80

Review Tests 81

After Reading About Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills 90

Mastery Tests 91

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of Vocabulary and

Dictionary Skills 99

Chapter 3 Stated Main Ideas 101

Before Reading About Stated Main Ideas 101

Identify the Traits of a Main Idea 102

Identify the Topic of a Paragraph 103

Identify a Topic Sentence 107

Analyze the Flow of Ideas and Identify Placement of Topic Sentences 114

Topic Sentence at the Beginning of a Paragraph 114

Topic Sentence Within a Paragraph 116

Topic Sentence at the End of A Paragraph 118

Topic Sentence at the Beginning and the End of the Paragraph 120

Recognize the Central Idea and the Thesis Statement 123

Develop Textbook Skills: Identify Topics, Main Ideas, and Central Ideas in

Textbooks 125

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic,

Personal, and Career Applications of Stated

Main Ideas 131

Academic Application 131

Personal Application 132

Career Application 134

Review Tests 135

After Reading About Stated Main Ideas 144

Mastery Tests 145

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of

Stated Main Ideas 153

Chapter 4 Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas 155

Before Reading About Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas 155

Define the Term Implied Main Idea 156

Analyze Supporting Details and Thought Patterns to Determine Implied Main

Ideas 158

Determine the Implied Main Ideas of Paragraphs 161

State the Implied Main Idea Based on the Supporting Details 164

Determine and State the Implied Central Idea 170

Develop Textbook Skills: Use Graphics as Details That Imply a Main Idea 175

A Final Note About Experience and Perspective 177

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications of

Implied Main Ideas 177

Academic Application 178

Personal Application 178

Career Application 180

Review Tests 181

After Reading About Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas 192

Mastery Tests 193

Summary of Key Concepts of Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas 201

Chapter 5 Supporting Details 203

Before Reading About Supporting

Details 203

Create Questions to Locate

Supporting Details 204

Distinguish Between Major and

Minor Details 207

Create a Summary from

Annotations 212

Drafting a Summary: Stated Main

Ideas 212

Drafting a Summary: Implied

Main Ideas 214

Develop Textbook Skills: Chapter-

End Questions in a Textbook 217

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications

of Supporting Details 221

Academic Application 222

Personal Application 224

Career Application 225

Review Tests 227

After Reading About Supporting Details 237

Mastery Tests 239

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of Supporting Details 247

Chapter 6 Outlines and Concept Maps 249

Before Reading about Outlines and Concept Maps 249

Create Outlines 250

Create Concept Maps 255

Develop Textbook Skills: The Table of Contents 258

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications

of Outlines and Concept Maps 262

Academic Application 262

Personal Application 264

Career Application 265

Review Tests 267

After Reading About Outlines and Concept Maps 278

Mastery Tests 279

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of Outlines and Concept Maps 287

Chapter 7 Transitions and Thought Patterns 289

Before Reading About Transitions and Thought

Patterns 289

Recognize Transition Words to Determine

Relationships Within a Sentence 290

Recognize Thought Patterns to Determine

Relationships Between Sentences 294

The Time Order Pattern 300

The Space Order Pattern 307

The Listing Pattern 311

The Classification Pattern 314

Develop Textbook Skills: Thought Patterns in

Textbooks 318

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications of

Transitions and Thought Patterns 321

Academic Application 321

Personal Application 324

Career Application 326

Review Tests 328

After Reading About Transitions and Thought Patterns 337

Mastery Tests 339

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of Transitions

and Thought Patterns 347

Chapter 8 More Thought Patterns 349

Before Reading About More Thought Patterns 349

Recognize the Comparison-and-Contrast Pattern and Signal Words 350

Comparison 350

Contrast 353

Comparison and Contrast 357

Recognize the Cause-and-Effect Pattern and Signal Words 361

Recognize the Generalization-and-Example Pattern and Signal Words 367

Recognize the Definition-and-Example Pattern and Signal Words 370

Develop Textbook Skills: Thought Patterns in Textbooks 375

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications

of More Thought Patterns 376

Academic Application 377

Personal Application 378

Career Application 378

Review Tests 381

After Reading About More Thought Patterns 391

Mastery Tests 393

Summary of Key Concepts of More Thought Patterns 401

Chapter 9 Fact and Opinion 403

Before Reading About Fact and Opinion 403

Define the Terms Fact and Opinion 404

Ask Questions to Identify Facts 405

Analyze Biased Words to Identify Opinions 407

Analyze Qualifiers to Identify Opinions 408

Analyze Supposed Facts 409

Read Critically: Evaluate Details as Fact or Opinion in Context 414

Evaluate the Context of the Passage 415

Evaluate the Context of the Author 418

Evaluate the Context of the Source 419

Develop Textbook Skills: Fact and Opinion in Textbooks 422

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications of Fact

and Opinion 426

Academic Application 426

Personal Application 428

Career Application 429

Review Tests 430

After Reading About Fact and Opinion 440

Mastery Tests 441

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of Fact and Opinion 449

Chapter 10 Tone and Purpose 451

Before Reading About Tone and

Purpose 451

Define the Terms Tone and

Purpose 452

Understand How Tone Is

Established 454

Identify Subjective and

Objective Tone Words 457

Determine the General Purpose

in the Main Idea 460

Determine the Primary

Purpose of a Passage 465

Evaluate Passages for the Use of Irony 470

Develop Textbook Skills: Recognize an Author’s Tone and Purpose 473

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal,

and Career Applications of Tone and Purpose 474

Academic Application 475

Personal Application 476

Career Application 477

Review Tests 478

After Reading About Tone and Purpose 488

Mastery Tests 489

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts of Tone and Purpose 497

Chapter 11 Inferences 499

Before Reading About Inferences 499

Describe Inferences as Educated Guesses 500

Define a Valid Inference 501

Apply the VALID Approach to Make Inferences and Avoid Invalid

Conclusions 504

Step 1: Verify and Value the Facts 504

Step 2: Assess Prior Knowledge 506

Step 3: Learn from the Text 508

Step 4: Investigate for Bias 510

Step 5: Detect Contradictions 512

Make Inferences Based on Creative Expressions 514

Develop Textbook Skills: Inferences and Visual Aids in Textbooks 518

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications

of Inferences 520

Academic Application 521

Personal Application 523

Career Application 524

Review Tests 526

After Reading About Inferences 537

Mastery Tests 539

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts about Inferences 547

Chapter 12 The Basics of Argument 549

Before Reading About the Basics of Argument 549

Define the Terms Argument, Claim, and Supports 550

Step 1: Identify the Author’s Claim and Supports 551

Step 2: Determine Whether the Supports Are Relevant 556

Step 3: Determine Whether the

Supports Are Adequate 564

Step 4: Analyze the Argument for

Bias 566

Develop Textbook Skills: The Logic of

Argument in Textbooks 569

Apply Information Literacy Skills:

Academic, Personal, and Career

Applications of the Basics of

Argument 573

Academic Application 574

Personal Application 575

Career Application 577

Review Tests 580

After Reading About the Basics of Argument 591

Mastery Tests 593

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts About the Basics of

Argument 601

Chapter 13 Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques 603

Before Reading About Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques 603

Identify Biased Arguments 604

What Is a Fallacy in Logical Thought? 604

What Is Propaganda? 606

Detect Fallacies Based on Irrelevant Arguments 609

Personal Attack 610

Straw Man 610

Begging the Question 611

Detect Propaganda Techniques Based on Irrelevant Arguments 613

Name-Calling 613

Testimonials 613

Bandwagon 615

Plain Folks 616

Detect Fallacies Based on Inadequate Arguments 618

Either-Or 618

False Comparison 619

False Cause 620

Detect Propaganda Techniques Based on Inadequate Arguments 621

Card Stacking 621

Transfer 622

Glittering Generalities 623

Develop Textbook Skills: Examining Biased Arguments in Textbooks 625

Apply Information Literacy Skills: Academic, Personal, and Career Applications

of Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques 629

Academic Application 630

Personal Application 631

Career Application 633

Review Tests 635

After Reading About Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques 646

Mastery Tests 647

Chapter Review: Summary of Key Concepts about Advanced Argument: Persuasive

Techniques 655

Part 2 Additional Readings 657

Evaluate the Connection Between Reading and Writing 658

Annotating a Text 658

Writing a Summary 660

A Reading-Writing Plan of Action 661

1 Some are Semi-sweet and Some are Semi-not 663

By Bob Schwartz

2 Fifth Chinese Daughter 669

By Jade Snow Wong

3 Social Networking Sites: Online Friendships Can Mean Offline Peril 677

By The Federal Bureau of Investigation

4 Toys R Us 684

By Bucky McMahon

5 Curbing College Drinking Starts with a Change in Attitude 692

By Sara Fritz

6 To the Power of a Persevering Teacher 699

By D. J. Henry

7 The Quest for Peace and Justice 707

By Martin Luther King, Jr.

8 I am Adam Lanza’s Mother 716

By Liza Long 716

9 Psychological Disorders 724

By Richard J. Gerrig and Philip G. Zimbardo

10 Diversity in U.S. Families 737

By James M. Henslin

Appendix: Reading Graphics in Textbooks 777

Text Credits 797

Photo Credits

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