PART ONE Becoming an Effective Reader

Chapter 1 A Reading System for Effective Readers

Prior Knowledge

The Reading Process

Before Reading: Survey and Question

Before Reading

During Reading: Read and Recite

After Reading: Review

After Reading

Textbook Skills: Asking Questions and Reciting Answers Before, During, and After Reading

Applications

Review Tests

Mastery Tests

Chapter 2 Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills

Before Reading About Vocabulary Skills

Words Are Building Blocks

Context Clues: A SAGE Approach

Synonyms

Antonyms

General Context

Examples

Textbook Skills: Using a Glossary

Word Parts

Roots

Prefixes

Suffixes

Reading the Dictionary

How to Read a Dictionary Entry

Spelling and Syllables

Parts of Speech

Definitions

Textbook Aids for Learning Content Words

Textbook Definitions

Textbook Skills: Visual Vocabulary

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Vocabulary and Dictionary Skills

Mastery Tests

Chapter 3 Stated Main Ideas

Before Reading About Stated Main Ideas

The Traits of a Main Idea

Identifying the Topic of a Paragraph

Identifying a Topic Sentence

The Flow of Ideas and Placement of Topic Sentences

Topic Sentence at the Beginning of a Paragraph

Topic Sentence Within a Paragraph

Topic Sentence at the End of a Paragraph

Topic Sentence at the Beginning and the End of a Paragraph

The Central Idea and the Thesis Statement

Textbook Skills: Topics, Main Ideas, and Central Ideas in Textbooks

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Stated Main Ideas

Mastery Tests

Chapter 4 Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas

Before Reading About Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas

What Is an Implied Main Idea?

Using Supporting Details and Thought Patterns to Find Implied Main Ideas

Finding the Implied Main Ideas of Paragraphs

Creating a Summary from the Supporting Details

The Implied Central Idea

Textbook Skills: Graphics as Details That Imply a Main Idea

A Final Note about Experience and Perspective

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Implied Main Ideas and Implied Central Ideas

Mastery Tests

Chapter 5 Supporting Details

Before Reading About Supporting Details

Questions for Locating Supporting Details

Major and Minor Details

Creating a Summary from Annotations

Textbook Skills: Chapter-end Questions in a Textbook

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Supporting Details

Mastery Tests

Chapter 6 Outlines and Concept Maps

Before Reading About Outlines and Concept Maps

Outlines

Concept Maps

Textbook Skills: The Table of Contents

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Outlines and Concept Maps

Mastery Tests

Chapter 7 Transitions and Thought Patterns

Before Reading About Transitions and Thought Patterns

Transition Words: Relationships Within a Sentence

Thought Patterns: Relationships Between Sentences

The Time Order Pattern

The Space Order Pattern

The Listing Pattern

The Classification Pattern

Textbook Skills: Thought Patterns in Textbooks

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Transitions and Thought Patterns

Mastery Tests

Chapter 8 More Thought Patterns

Before Reading About More Thought Patterns

The Comparison-and-Contrast Pattern

Comparison

Contrast

Comparison and Contrast

The Cause-and-Effect Pattern

The Generalization-and-Example Pattern

The Definition Pattern

Textbook Skills: Thought Patterns and Textbooks

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About More Thought Patterns

Mastery Tests

Chapter 9 Fact and Opinion

Before Reading About Fact and Opinion

What Is the Difference Between Fact and Opinion?

Ask Questions to Identify Facts

Note Biased Words to Identify Opinions

Note Qualifiers to Identify Opinions

Think Carefully About Supposed "Facts"

Read Critically: Evaluate Details as Fact or Opinion in Context

Evaluate the Context of the Passage

Evaluate the Context of the Author

Evaluate the Context of the Source

Textbook Skills: Fact and Opinion in Textbook Passages

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Fact and Opinion

Mastery Tests

Chapter 10 Tone and Purpose

Before Reading About Tone and Purpose

What Are Tone and Purpose?

Understand How Tone Is Established

Identify Subjective and Objective Tone Words

Discover the General Purpose in the Main Idea

Figure Out the Primary Purpose

Recognize Irony Used for Special Effects

Textbook Skills: Author’s Tone and Purpose

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Tone and Purpose

Mastery Tests

Chapter 11 Inferences

Before Reading About Inferences

Inferences: Educated Guesses

What Is a Valid Inference?

Making VALID Inferences and Avoiding Invalid Conclusions

Step 1: Verify and Value the Facts

Step 2: Assess Prior Knowledge

Step 3: Learn from the Text

Step 4. Investigate for Bias

Step 5: Detect Contradictions

Inferences in Creative Expression

Textbook Skills: Inferences and Visual Aids

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Inferences

Mastery Tests

Chapter 12 The Basics of Argument

Before Reading About the Basics of Argument

What Is an Argument?

Step 1. Identify the Author’s Claim and Supports

Step 2. Decide Whether the Supports Are Relevant

Step 3. Decide Whether the Supports Are Adequate

Step 4: Check the Argument for Bias

Textbook Skills: The Logic of Argument

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About the Basics of Argument

Mastery Tests

Chapter 13 Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques

Before Reading About Advanced Argument

Biased Arguments

What Is a Fallacy in Logical Thought?

What Is Propaganda?

Irrelevant Arguments: Fallacies

Personal Attack

Straw Man

Begging the Question

Irrelevant Arguments: Propaganda Techniques

Name-Calling

Testimonials

Bandwagon

Plain Folks

Inadequate Arguments: Fallacies

Either-Or

False Comparison

False Cause

Inadequate Arguments: Propaganda Techniques

Card Stacking

Transfer

Glittering Generalities

Textbook Skills: Examining Biased Arguments

Applications

Review Tests

After Reading About Advanced Argument

Mastery Tests

PART TWO Additional Readings

Celebrity Culture

1. Where Did All the Accomplished People Go?

Simon Doonan

2. Whitney Houston’s Private Hell and Inevitable Death

Allison Samuels

Work

3. Degree of Uncertainty

Carlo Rotella

4. Beginning of the End of the Unpaid Internship

Josh Sanburn

Medical Controversy: ADHD

5. Generation RX

Casey Schwartz

6. A New Poll that Trivializes ADHD Is Nonsense

Dr. Harold Koplewicz

Technology

7. It’s Not a Tumor! The Psychology behind Cyberchondria

Britt Peterson

8. The Quantified Self Movement Grows, but What Do We Learn?

Beth Teitell

Environmental Challenges

9. Doing the Right Thing Isn’t Easy, Even for Those Who Want to

Patrick O’Driscoll and Elizabeth Weise

10. Getting Real about the High Price of Cheap Food

Bryan Walsh

PART THREE Combined-Skills Tests

PART FOUR Reading Enrichment

Appendix Reading Graphics in Textbooks

Chapter Review Cards

Text Credits

Photo Credits

Index

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