The book assesses international evidence about the importance of the early years of a child's life and describe early childhood education and development (ECED) policies and services in Indonesia. It investigates the pattern of development among young children in poor villages in Indonesia and how that development is linked to family characteristics and the ECED services typically available to them. The book assesses the processes and challenges of implementing a community-driven ECED project, presents short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation of the project, and provides insights to inform future policies and practices in Indonesia and beyond.