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Discrete-Event System Simulation

by: Banks, Jerry; Carson, John S.; Nelson, Barry L.; Nicol, David M.

Discrete-Event System Simulation

by: Banks, Jerry; Carson, John S.; Nelson, Barry L.; Nicol, David M.

ISBN 13:
9780131446793
ISBN 10:
0131446797
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2010
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

This book provides a basic treatment of discrete-event simulation, including the proper collection and analysis of data, the use of analytic techniques, verification and validation of models, and designing simulation experiments.Contains up-to-date treatment of simulation of manufacturing and material handling systems. Includes numerous solved examples. Offers an integrated website. Explains how to interpret simulation software output.For those interested in learning more about discrete-event simulation.

Preface

xiii

About the Authors

I Introduction to Discrete-Event System Simulation

(146)

Chapter 1 Introduction to Simulation

(18)

1.1 When Simulation Is the Appropriate Tool

(1)

1.2 When Simulation Is Not Appropriate

(1)

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulation

(2)

1.4 Areas of Application

(2)

1.5 Systems and System Environment

(1)

1.6 Components of a System

(2)

1.7 Discrete and Continuous Systems

(1)

1.8 Model of a System

(1)

1.9 Types of Models

(1)

1.10 Discrete-Event System Simulation

(1)

1.11 Steps in a Simulation Study

(4)

References

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Chapter 2 Simulation Examples

(46)

2.1 Simulation of Queueing Systems

(17)

2.2 Simulation of Inventory Systems

(7)

2.3 Other Examples of Simulation

(11)

2.4 Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Exercises

(10)

Chapter 3 General Principles

(28)

3.1 Concepts in Discrete-Event Simulation

(18)

3.1.1 The Event Scheduling/Time Advance Algorithm

(3)

3.1.2 World Views

(3)

3.1.3 Manual Simulation Using Event Scheduling

(9)

3.2 List Processing

(6)

3.2.1 Lists: Basic Properties and Operations

(1)

3.2.2 Using Arrays for List Processing

(2)

3.2.3 Using Dynamic Allocation and Linked Lists

(2)

3.2.4 Advanced Techniques

(1)

3.3 Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Chapter 4 Simulation Software

(52)

4.1 History of Simulation Software

(3)

4.1.1 The Period of Search (1955-60)

(1)

4.1.2 The Advent (1961-65)

(1)

4.1.3 The Formative Period (1966-70)

(1)

4.1.4 The Expansion Period (1971-78)

(1)

4.1.5 Consolidation and Regeneration (1979-86)

(1)

4.1.6 Integrated Environments (1987-Present)

(1)

4.2 Selection of Simulation Software

(3)

4.3 An Example Simulation

102

(2)

4.4 Simulation in Java

104

(8)

4.5 Simulation in GPSS

112

(5)

4.6 Simulation in SSF

117

(3)

4.7 Simulation Software

120

(8)

4.7.1 Arena

122

(1)

4.7.2 AutoMod

123

(1)

4.7.3 Extend

124

(1)

4.7.4 Flexsim

124

(1)

4.7.5 Micro Saint

125

(1)

4.7.6 ProModel

125

(1)

4.7.7 QUEST

126

(1)

4.7.8 SIMUL8

127

(1)

4.7.9 WITNESS

128

(1)

4.8 Experimentation and Statistical-Analysis Tools

128

(3)

4.8.1 Common Features

128

(1)

4.8.2 Products

129

(2)

References

131

(1)

Exercises

132

(15)

II Mathematical and Statistical Models

147

(102)

Chapter 5 Statistical Models in Simulation

149

(52)

5.1 Review of Terminology and Concepts

150

(6)

5.2 Useful Statistical Models

156

(4)

5.3 Discrete Distributions

160

(6)

5.4 Continuous Distributions

166

(20)

5.5 Poisson Process

186

(4)

5.5.1 Properties of a Poisson Process

188

(1)

5.5.2 Nonstationary Poisson Process

189

(1)

5.6 Empirical Distributions

190

(3)

5.7 Summary

193

(1)

References

193

(1)

Exercises

193

(8)

Chapter 6 Queueing Models

201

(48)

6.1 Characteristics of Queueing Systems

202

(6)

6.1.1 The Calling Population

202

(2)

6.1.2 System Capacity

204

(1)

6.1.3 The Arrival Process

204

(1)

6.1.4 Queue Behavior and Queue Discipline

205

(1)

6.1.5 Service Times and the Service Mechanism

206

(2)

6.2 Queueing Notation

208

(1)

6.3 Long-Run Measures of Performance of Queueing Systems

208

(12)

6.3.1 Time-Average Number in System L

209

(2)

6.3.2 Average Time Spent in System Per Customer w

211

(1)

6.3.3 The Conservation Equation: L = λw

212

(1)

6.3.4 Server Utilization

213

(5)

6.3.5 Costs in Queueing Problems

218

(2)

6.4 Steady-State Behavior of Infinite-Population Markovian Models

220

(15)

6.4.1 Single-Server Queues with Poisson Arrivals and Unlimited Capacity: M/G/1

221

(6)

6.4.2 Multiserver Queue: M/M/c/infinity/infinity

227

(6)

6.4.3 Multiserver Queues with Poisson Arrivals and Limited Capacity: M/M/c/N/infinity

233

(2)

6.5 Steady-State Behavior of Finite-Population Models (M/M/c/K/K)

235

(4)

6.6 Networks of Queues

239

(2)

6.7 Summary

241

(1)

References

242

(1)

Exercises

243

(6)

III Random Numbers

249

(56)

Chapter 7 Random-Number Generation

251

(21)

7.1 Properties of Random Numbers

251

(1)

7.2 Generation of Pseudo-Random Numbers

252

(1)

7.3 Techniques for Generating Random Numbers

253

(7)

7.3.1 Linear Congruential Method

254

(3)

7.3.2 Combined Linear Congruential Generators

257

(2)

7.3.3 Random-Number Streams

259

(1)

7.4 Tests for Random Numbers

260

(7)

7.4.1 Frequency Tests

261

(4)

7.4.2 Tests for Autocorrelation

265

(2)

7.5 Summary

267

(1)

References

268

(1)

Exercises

269

(3)

Chapter 8 Random-Variate Generation

272

(33)

8.1 Inverse-Transform Technique

273

(16)

8.1.1 Exponential Distribution

273

(3)

8.1.2 Uniform Distribution

276

(1)

8.1.3 Weibull Distribution

277

(1)

8.1.4 Triangular Distribution

278

(1)

8.1.5 Empirical Continuous Distributions

279

(4)

8.1.6 Continuous Distributions without a Closed-Form Inverse

283

(1)

8.1.7 Discrete Distributions

284

(5)

8.2 Acceptance-Rejection Technique

289

(7)

8.2.1 Poisson Distribution

290

(3)

8.2.2 Nonstationary Poisson Process

293

(1)

8.2.3 Gamma Distribution

294

(2)

8.3 Special Properties

296

(3)

8.3.1 Direct Transformation for the Normal and Lognormal Distributions

296

(2)

8.3.2 Convolution Method

298

(1)

8.3.3 More Special Properties

299

(1)

8.4 Summary

299

(1)

References

299

(1)

Exercises

300

(5)

IV Analysis of Simulation Data

305

(178)

Chapter 9 Input Modeling

307

(47)

9.1 Data Collection

308

(2)

9.2 Identifying the Distribution with Data

310

(9)

9.2.1 Histograms

310

(3)

9.2.2 Selecting the Family of Distributions

313

(3)

9.2.3 Quantile-Quantile Plots

316

(3)

9.3 Parameter Estimation

319

(7)

9.3.1 Preliminary Statistics: Sample Mean and Sample Variance

319

(2)

9.3.2 Suggested Estimators

321

(5)

9.4 Goodness-of-Fit Tests

326

(8)

9.4.1 Chi-Square Test

327

(2)

9.4.2 Chi-Square Test with Equal Probabilities

329

(2)

9.4.3 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test

331

(2)

9.4.4 ρ-Values and "Best Fits"

333

(1)

9.5 Fitting a Nonstationary Poisson Process

334

(1)

9.6 Selecting Input Models without Data

335

(2)

9.7 Multivariate and Time-Series Input Models

337

(7)

9.7.1 Covariance and Correlation

337

(1)

9.7.2 Multivariate Input Models

338

(2)

9.7.3 Time-Series Input Models

340

(2)

9.7.4 The Normal-to-Anything Transformation

342

(2)

9.8 Summary

344

(1)

References

345

(1)

Exercises

346

(8)

Chapter 10 Verification and Validation of Simulation Models

354

(29)

10.1 Model-Building, Verification, and Validation

355

(1)

10.2 Verification of Simulation Models

356

(5)

10.3 Calibration and Validation of Models

361

(18)

10.3.1 Face Validity

362

(1)

10.3.2 Validation of Model Assumptions

362

(1)

10.3.3 Validating Input-Output Transformations

363

(11)

10.3.4 Input-Output Validation: Using Historical Input Data

374

(4)

10.3.5 Input-Output Validation: Using a Turing Test

378

(1)

10.4 Summary

379

(1)

References

379

(2)

Exercises

381

(2)

Chapter 11 Output Analysis for a Single Model

383

(49)

11.1 Types of Simulations with Respect to Output Analysis

384

(3)

11.2 Stochastic Nature of Output Data

387

(3)

11.3 Measures of Performance and Their Estimation

390

(3)

11.3.1 Point Estimation

390

(2)

11.3.2 Confidence-Interval Estimation

392

(1)

11.4 Output Analysis for Terminating Simulations

393

(9)

11.4.1 Statistical Background

394

(3)

11.4.2 Confidence Intervals with Specified Precision

397

(2)

11.4.3 Quantiles

399

(1)

11.4.4 Estimating Probabilities and Quantiles from Summary Data

400

(2)

11.5 Output Analysis for Steady-State Simulations

402

(21)

11.5.1 Initialization Bias in Steady-State Simulations

403

(6)

11.5.2 Error Estimation for Steady-State Simulation

409

(4)

11.5.3 Replication Method for Steady-State Simulations

413

(4)

11.5.4 Sample Size in Steady-State Simulations

417

(1)

11.5.5 Batch Means for Interval Estimation in Steady-State Simulations

418

(4)

11.5.6 Quantiles

422

(1)

11.6 Summary

423

(1)

References

423

(1)

Exercises

424

(8)

Chapter 12 Comparison and Evaluation of Alternative System Designs

432

(51)

12.1 Comparison of Two System Designs

433

(15)

12.1.1 Independent Sampling with Equal Variances

436

(2)

12.1.2 Independent Sampling with Unequal Variances

438

(1)

12.1.3 Common Random Numbers (CRN)

438

(8)

12.1.4 Confidence Intervals with Specified Precision

446

(2)

12.2 Comparison of Several System Designs

448

(10)

12.2.1 Bonferroni Approach to Multiple Comparisons

449

(5)

12.2.2 Bonferroni Approach to Selecting the Best

454

(3)

12.2.3 Bonferroni Approach to Screening

457

(1)

12.3 Metamodeling

458

(9)

12.3.1 Simple Linear Regression

459

(4)

12.3.2 Testing for Significance of Regression

463

(3)

12.3.3 Multiple Linear Regression

466

(1)

12.3.4 Random-Number Assignment for Regression

466

(1)

12.4 Optimization via Simulation

467

(9)

12.4.1 What Does `Optimization via Simulation' Mean?

468

(1)

12.4.2 Why is Optimization via Simulation Difficult?

469

(1)

12.4.3 Using Robust Heuristics

470

(3)

12.4.4 An Illustration: Random Search

473

(3)

12.5 Summary

476

(1)

References

476

(1)

Exercises

477

(6)

V Applications

483

(93)

Chapter 13 Simulation of Manufacturing and Material-Handling Systems

485

(32)

13.1 Manufacturing and Material-Handling Simulations

486

(3)

13.1.1 Models of Manufacturing Systems

486

(1)

13.1.2 Models of Material-Handling

487

(1)

13.1.3 Some Common Material-Handling Equipment

488

(1)

13.2 Goals and Performance Measures

489

(1)

13.3 Issues in Manufacturing and Material-Handling Simulations

490

(6)

13.3.1 Modeling Downtimes and Failures

491

(4)

13.3.2 Trace-Driven Models

495

(1)

13.4 Case Studies of the Simulation of Manufacturing and Material-Handling Systems

496

(3)

13.5 Manufacturing Example: A Job-Shop Simulation

499

(7)

13.5.1 System Description and Model Assumptions

499

(3)

13.5.2 Presimulation Analysis

502

(1)

13.5.3 Simulation Model and Analysis of the Designed System

503

(1)

13.5.4 Analysis of Station Utilization

503

(1)

13.5.5 Analysis of Potential System Improvements

504

(2)

13.5.6 Concluding Words

506

(1)

13.6 Summary

506

(1)

References

506

(1)

Exercises

507

(10)

Chapter 14 Simulation of Computer Systems

517

(33)

14.1 Introduction

517

(3)

14.2 Simulation Tools

520

(5)

14.2.1 Process Orientation

522

(2)

14.2.2 Event Orientation

524

(1)

14.3 Model Input

525

(13)

14.3.1 Modulated Poisson Process

526

(2)

14.3.2 Virtual-Memory Referencing

528

(6)

14.4 High-Level Computer-System Simulation

534

(4)

14.5 CPU Simulation

538

(5)

14.6 Memory Simulation

543

(3)

14.6 Summary

546

(1)

References

546

(1)

Exercises

547

(3)

Chapter 15 Simulation of Computer Networks

550

(26)

15.1 Introduction

550

(2)

15.2 Traffic Modeling

552

(3)

15.3 Media Access Control

555

(6)

15.3.1 Token-Passing Protocols

556

(3)

15.3.2 Ethernet

559

(2)

15.4 Data Link Layer

561

(1)

15.5 TCP

562

(7)

15.6 Model Construction

569

(4)

15.6.1 Construction

569

(2)

15.6.2 Example

571

(2)

15.7 Summary

573

(1)

References

574

(1)

Exercises

574

(2)

Appendix

576

(15)

Index

591

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Discrete-Event System Simulation

Discrete-Event System Simulation

9780131446793

0131446797

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Discrete-Event System Simulation

Discrete-Event System Simulation

9780131446793

0131446797

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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