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Developmental Biology

by: Gilbert, Scott F.

Developmental Biology

by: Gilbert, Scott F.

ISBN 13:
9780878932436
ISBN 10:
0878932437
Edition: CD
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 06/01/2000
Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

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Summary

Introductory textbook emphasizing a core of developmental biology paradigms and principles. Includes color illustrations, chapter-end summaries, and a CD-ROM that complements the text. Also, the text is linked to a website which is keyed to the text's chapters. System requirements: Windows 95/98/NT+ or Mac OS 8.5+, 64MB RAM, and 20MB free space. Previous edition: c1997.

part 1 Principles of development in biology

Developmental biology: The anatomical tradition

(22)

The Questions of Developmental Biology

(1)

Anatomical Approaches to Developmental Biology

(1)

Comparative Embryology

(9)

Epigenesis and Preformation

(2)

Naming the Parts: The Primary Germ Layers and Early Organs

(1)

The Four Principles of Karl Ernst von Baer

(1)

Fate Mapping the Embryo

(3)

Cell Migration

(1)

Evolutionary Embryology

(3)

Embryonic Homologies

(2)

Medical Embryology and Teratology

(1)

Mathematical Modeling of Development

(4)

The Mathematics of Organismal Growth

(1)

The Mathematics of Patterning

(3)

Principles of Development: Developmental Anatomy

(1)

Literature Cited

(2)

Life cycles and the evolution of developmental patterns

(24)

The Circle of Life: The Stages of Animal Development

(2)

The Frog Life Cycle

(4)

The Evolution of Developmental Patterns in Unicellular Protists

(4)

Control of Developmental Morphogenesis: The Role of the Nucleus

(1)

Unicellular Protists and the Origins of Sexual Reproduction

(3)

Multicellularity: The Evolution of Differentiation

(9)

The Volvocaceans

(1)

Sex and Individuality in Volvox

(3)

Differentiation and Morphogenesis in Dictyostelium: Cell Adhesion

(4)

Evidence and Antibodies

(1)

Developmental Patterns among the Metazoa

(3)

Diploblasts

(1)

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

(3)

Principles of Development: Life Cycles and Developmental Patterns

(1)

Literature Cited

(2)

Principles of experimental embryology

(30)

Environmental Developmental Biology

(5)

Environmental Sex Determination

(1)

Adaptation of Embryos and Larvae to Their Environments

(4)

The Developmental Mechanics of Cell Specification

(12)

Autonomous Specification

(2)

Conditional Specification

(10)

Syncytial Specification

(1)

Morphogenesis and Cell Adhesion

(9)

Differential Cell Affinity

(2)

The Thermodynamic Model of Cell Interactions

(2)

Cadherins and Cell Adhesion

(4)

Principles of Development: Experimental Embryology

(1)

Literature Cited

(4)

Genes and development: Techniques and ethical issues

(30)

The Embryological Origins of the Gene Theory

(4)

Nucleus or Cytoplasm: Which Controls Heredity?

(2)

The Split between Embryology and Genetics

(1)

Early Attempts at Developmental Genetics

(1)

Evidence for Genomic Equivalence

(8)

Metaplasia

(1)

Amphibian Cloning: The Restriction of Nuclear Potency

(2)

Amphibian Cloning: The Pluripotency of Somatic Cells

(2)

Cloning Mammals

(1)

Why Clone Mammals?

(2)

The Exception to the Rule: Immunoglobin Genes

(1)

Differential Gene Expression

(1)

RNA Localization Techniques

(5)

Northern Blotting

(1)

In Situ Hybridization

(1)

Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization

(1)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction

(2)

Determining the Function of Genes during Development

(6)

Transgenic Cells and Organisms

(3)

Human Germ Line Gene Therapy

100

(2)

Determining the Function of a Message: Antisense RNA

102

(1)

Identifying the Genes for Human Developmental Anomalies

103

(2)

Principles of Development: Genes and Development

105

(1)

Literature Cited

105

(4)

The genetic core of development: Differential gene expression

109

(34)

Differential Gene Transcription

109

(16)

Anatomy of the Gene: Exons and Introns

109

(4)

Anatomy of the Gene: Promoters and Enhancers

113

(3)

Transcription Factors

116

(3)

Studying DNA Regulatory Elements

119

(3)

Silencers

122

(1)

Locus Control Regions in Globin Genes

123

(2)

Methylation Pattern and the Control of Transcription

125

(1)

DNA Methylation and Gene Activity

125

(1)

Possible Mechanisms by which Methylation Represses Gene Transcription

125

(1)

Genomic Imprinting

126

(1)

Transcriptional Regulation of An Entire Chromosome: Dosage Compensation

126

(4)

The Mechanisms of X Chromosome Inactivation

128

(2)

Differential RNA Processing

130

(4)

Control of Early Development by Nuclear RNA Selection

130

(1)

Creating Families of Proteins through Differential nRNA Splicing

131

(2)

Differential nRNA Processing and Drosophila Sex Determination

133

(1)

Control of Gene Expression at the Level of Translation

134

(2)

Differential mRNA Longevity

134

(1)

Selective Inhibition of mRNA Translation

134

(2)

Control of RNA Expression by Cytoplasmic Localization

136

(1)

Epilogue: Posttranslational Gene Regulation

136

(1)

Principles of Development: Developmental Genetics

137

(1)

Literature Cited

138

(5)

Cell-cell communication in development

143

(42)

Induction and Competence

143

(6)

Cascades of Induction: Reciprocal and Sequential Inductive Events

145

(1)

Instructive and Permissive Interactions

146

(2)

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions

148

(1)

Paracrine Factors

149

(4)

The Fibroblast Growth Factors

150

(1)

The Hedgehog Family

151

(1)

The Wnt Family

152

(1)

The TGF-β Superfamily

152

(1)

Other Paracrine Factors

153

(1)

Cell Surface Receptors and Their Signal Transduction Pathways

153

(12)

The RTK Pathway

154

(2)

The RTK Pathway and Cell-to-Cell Induction

156

(2)

The Smad Pathway

158

(1)

The JAK-STAT Pathway

159

(2)

The Wnt Pathway

161

(1)

The Hedgehog Pathway

162

(1)

The Nature of Human Syndromes

163

(2)

The Cell Death Pathways

165

(2)

Juxtacrine Signaling

167

(7)

The Notch Pathway: Juxtaposed Ligands and Receptors

167

(2)

Cell-Cell Interactions and Chance in the Determination of Cell Types

169

(1)

The Extracellular Matrix as a Source of Critical Developmental Signals

170

(3)

Direct Transmission of Signals through Gap Junctions

173

(1)

Cross-Talk between Pathways

174

(1)

Coda

175

(1)

Principles of Development: Cell-Cell Communication

176

(1)

Literature Cited

177

(8)

part 2 Early embryonic development

Fertilization: Beginning a new organism

185

(38)

Structure of the Gametes

185

(6)

Sperm

185

(3)

The Egg

188

(3)

Recognition of Egg and Sperm

191

(8)

Sperm Attraction: Action at a Distance

191

(2)

The Acrosomal Reaction in Sea Urchins

193

(1)

Action at a Distance: Mammalian Gametes

194

(2)

Species-Specific Recognition in Sea Urchins

196

(2)

Gamete Binding and Recognition in Mammals

198

(1)

Gamete Fusion and the Prevention of Polyspermy

199

(7)

Fusion of the Egg and Sperm Plasma Membranes

199

(1)

The Prevention of Polyspermy

200

(6)

The Activation of Egg Metabolism

206

(4)

Early Responses

206

(2)

The Activation of Gamete Metabolism

208

(2)

Late Responses

210

(1)

Fusion of the Genetic Material

210

(4)

Fusion of Genetic Material in Sea Urchins

210

(2)

Fusion of Genetic Material in Mammals

212

(1)

The Nonequivalence of Mammalian Pronuclei

213

(1)

Rearrangement of the Egg Cytoplasm

214

(2)

Preparation for Cleavage

215

(1)

Snapshot Summary

216

(1)

Literature Cited

217

(6)

Early development in selected invertebrates

223

(40)

An Introduction to Early Developmental Processes

223

(1)

Cleavage

223

(5)

From Fertilization to Cleavage

224

(1)

The Cytoskeletal Mechanisms of Mitosis

225

(1)

Patterns of Embryonic Cleavage

226

(2)

Gastrulation

228

(1)

Axis Formation

229

(1)

The Early Development of Sea Urchins

229

(1)

Cleavage in Sea Urchins

229

(5)

Blastula Formation

230

(1)

Fate Maps and the Determination of Sea Urchin Blastomeres

231

(3)

Sea Urchin Gastrulation

234

(7)

Ingression of Primary Mesenchyme

235

(3)

First Stage of Archenteron Invagination

238

(1)

Second and Third Stages of Archenteron Invagination

239

(2)

The Early Development of Snails

241

(1)

Cleavage in Snail Eggs

241

(6)

Adaptation by Modifying Embryonic Cleavage

243

(1)

The Polar Lobe: Cell Determination and Axis Formation

244

(2)

Fate Map of Ilyanassa obsoleta

246

(1)

Gastrulation in Snails

247

(1)

Early Development in Tunicates

247

(1)

Tunicate Cleavage

247

(4)

The Tunicate Fate Map

248

(1)

Autonomous and Conditional Specification of Tunicate Blastomeres

249

(1)

Specification of the Embryonic Axes

250

(1)

Gastrulation in Tunicates

251

(1)

Early Development of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

251

(1)

Why C. elegans?

251

(2)

Cleavage and Axis Formation in C. elegans

253

(4)

Rotational Cleavage of the C. elegans Egg

253

(1)

Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation

253

(1)

Formation of the Dorsal-Ventral and Right-Left Axes

253

(1)

Control of Blastomere Identity

253

(1)

Autonomous Specification

254

(1)

Conditional Specification

255

(2)

Gastrulation in C. elegans

257

(1)

Coda

257

(1)

Snapshot Summary

257

(1)

Literature Cited

258

(5)

The genetics of axis specification in Drosophila

263

(40)

Early Drosophila Development

263

(1)

Cleavage

264

(2)

The Midblastula Transition

265

(1)

Gastrulation

266

(3)

The Origins of Anterior-Posterior Polarity

269

(1)

The Maternal Effect Genes

270

(8)

Embryological Evidence of Polarity Regulation by Oocyte Cytoplasm

270

(1)

The Molecular Model: Protein Gradients in the Early Embryo

270

(1)

Evidence that the Bicoid Gradient Constitutes the Anterior Organizing Center

271

(5)

The Posterior Organizing Center: Localizing and Activating Nanos

276

(1)

The Terminal Gene Group

277

(1)

The Segmentation Genes

278

(7)

The Gap Genes

279

(1)

The Pair-Rule Genes

280

(2)

The Segment Polarity Genes

282

(3)

The Homeotic Selector Genes

285

(5)

Patterns of Homeotic Gene Expression

285

(1)

Initiating the Patterns of Homeotic Gene Expression

286

(1)

Maintaining the Patterns of Homeotic Gene Expression

287

(1)

Realisator Genes

287

(2)

The Homeodomain Proteins

289

(1)

The Generation of Dorsal-Ventral Polarity

290

(1)

The Morphogenetic Agent for Dorsal-Ventral Polarity

290

(1)

The Translocation of Dorsal Protein

290

(6)

The Signal Cascade

291

(3)

Establishing the Dorsal Protein Gradient

294

(2)

Axes and Organ Primordia: The Cartesian Coordinate Model

296

(1)

Coda

297

(1)

Snapshot Summary

297

(1)

Literature Cited

298

(5)

Early development and axis formation in amphibians

303

(36)

Early Amphibian Development

303

(1)

Cleavage in Amphibians

303

(2)

Amphibian Gastrulation

305

(9)

The Fate Map of Xenopus

305

(1)

Cell Movements during Amphibian Gastrulation

306

(2)

The Midblastula Transition: Preparing for Gastrulation

308

(1)

Positioning the Blastopore

308

(1)

Invagination and Involution

309

(2)

The Convergent Extension of the Dorsal Mesoderm

311

(1)

Migration of the Involuting Mesoderm

312

(1)

Epiboly of the Ectoderm

312

(1)

Fibronectin and the Pathways for Mesodermal Migration

313

(1)

Axis Formation In Amphibians: The Phenomenon of the Organizer

314

(1)

The Progressive Determination of the Amphibian Axes

314

(3)

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold: Primary Embryonic Induction

317

(1)

The Mechanisms of Axis Formation in Amphibians

318

(4)

The Origin of the Nieukoop Center

319

(1)

The Molecular Biology of the Nieuwkoop Center

319

(3)

The Functions of the Organizer

322

(9)

The Diffusible Proteins of the Organizer I: The BMP Inhibitors

324

(3)

BMP4 and Geoffroy's Lobster

327

(1)

The Diffusible Proteins of the Organizer II: The Wnt Inhibitors

328

(1)

Conversion of the Ectoderm into Neural Plate Cells

329

(1)

Competence, Bias, and Neurulation

330

(1)

The Regional Specificity of Induction

331

(3)

The Determination of Regional Differences

331

(1)

Molecular Correlates of Neural Caudalization

331

(2)

Specifying the Left-Right Axis

333

(1)

Snapshot Summary

334

(1)

Literature Cited

335

(4)

The early development of vertebrates: Fish, birds, and mammals

339

(40)

Early Development in Fish

339

(1)

Cleavage in Fish Eggs

339

(2)

Gastrulation in Fish Embryos

341

(2)

The Formation of Germ Layers

341

(2)

Axis Formation in Fish Embryos

343

(2)

Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation: The Embryonic Shield

343

(2)

Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation: Two Signaling Centers

345

(1)

Left-Right Axis Formation

345

(1)

Early Development In Birds

345

(1)

Cleavage in Bird Eggs

345

(2)

Gastrulation of the Avian Embryo

347

(3)

The Hypoblast

347

(1)

The Primitive Streak

348

(2)

Epiboly of the Ectoderm

350

(1)

Axis Formation in the Chick Embryo

350

(4)

The Role of pH in Forming the Dorsal-Ventral Axis

350

(1)

The Role of Gravity in Forming the Anterior-Posterior Axis

351

(2)

Left-Right Axis Formation

353

(1)

Early Mammalian Development

354

(1)

Cleavage in Mammals

354

(3)

The Unique Nature of Mammalian Cleavage

354

(2)

Compaction

356

(1)

Escape from the Zona Pellucida

357

(1)

Gastrulation in Mammals

358

(6)

Modifications for Development within Another Organism

358

(3)

Formation of Extraembryonic Membranes

361

(1)

Twins

362

(2)

Mammalian Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation

364

(5)

Two Signaling Centers

364

(1)

Patterning the Anterior-Posterior Axis: The Hox Code Hypothesis

365

(2)

Expression of Hox Genes along the Dorsal Axis

367

(1)

Experimental Analysis of the Hox Code

367

(2)

The Dorsal-Ventral and Left-Right Axes in Mammals

369

(3)

The Dorsal-Ventral Axis

369

(1)

The Left-Right Axis

370

(2)

Snapshot Summary

372

(1)

Literature Cited

373

(6)

part 3 Later embryonic development

The central nervous system and the epidermis

379

(32)

Formation of the Neural Tube

379

(7)

Primary Neurulation

380

(5)

Secondary Neurulation

385

(1)

Differentiation of the Neural Tube

386

The Anterior-Posterior Axis

387

(1)

The Dorsal-Ventral Axis

388

Tissue Architecture of the Central Nervous System

378

(17)

Spinal Cord and Medulla Organization

390

(1)

Cerebellar Organization

390

(2)

Cerebral Organization

392

(2)

Adult Neural Stem Cells

394

(1)

Neuronal Types

395

(4)

Homologous Specification of Neural Tissue between Vertebrates and Arthropods

398

(1)

Development of the Vertebrate Eye

399

(4)

The Dynamics of Optic Development

400

(1)

Neural Retina Differentiation

401

(1)

Lens and Cornea Differentiation

401

(2)

The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures

403

(3)

The Origin of Epidermal Cells

403

(1)

Cutaneous Appendages

404

(1)

Patterning of Cutaneous Appendages

404

(2)

Snapshot Summary

406

(1)

Literature Cited

407

(4)

Neural crest cells and axonal specificity

411

(36)

The Neural Crest

411

(2)

The Trunk Neural Crest

413

(4)

Migration Pathways of Trunk Neural Crest Cells

413

(1)

The Mechanisms of Trunk Neural Crest Migration

414

(1)

Trunk Neural Crest Cell Differentiation

415

(2)

The Cranial Neural Crest

417

(5)

Tooth Development

420

(2)

The Cardiac Neural Crest

422

(1)

Neuronal Specification and Axonal Specificity

422

(1)

The Generation of Neuronal Diversity

423

(2)

Pattern Generation in the Nervous System

425

(14)

Cell Adhesion and Contact Guidance: Attractive and Permissive Molecules

426

(1)

Guidance by Axon-Specific Migratory Cues: The Labeled Pathways Hypothesis

426

(1)

Contact Guidance by Specific Growth Cone Repulsion

427

(1)

Guidance By Diffusible Molecules

428

(3)

Target Selection

431

(2)

Address Selection: Activity-Dependent Development

433

(1)

Differential Survival after Innervation: Neurotrophic Factors

434

(1)

Paths to Glory: Migration of the Retinal Ganglion Axons

435

(3)

Fetal Neurons in Adult Hosts

438

(1)

The Development of Behaviors: Constancy and Plasticity

439

(1)

Snapshot Summary

439

(1)

Literature Cited

440

(7)

Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm

447

(24)

Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatives

447

(6)

The Initiation of Somite Formation

448

(3)

Specification and Commitment of Somitic Cell Types

451

(1)

Determining Somitic Cell Fates

452

(1)

Myogenesis: The Development of Muscle

453

(1)

Specification and Differentiation by the Myogenic bHLH Proteins

453

(1)

Muscle Cell Fusion

453

(1)

Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones

454

(6)

Intramembranous Ossification

455

(1)

Endochondral Ossification

456

(2)

Control of Cartilage Maturation at the Growth Plate

458

(1)

Osteoclasts

459

(1)

Intermediate Mesoderm

460

(6)

Progression of Kidney Types

460

(1)

Reciprocal Interaction of Kidney Tissues

461

(1)

The Mechanisms of Reciprocal Induction

461

(5)

Snapshot Summary

466

(1)

Literature Cited

467

(4)

Lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm

471

(32)

Lateral Plate Mesoderm

471

(1)

The Heart

471

(9)

Specification of Heart Tissue and Fusion of Heart Rudiments

472

(3)

Looping and Formation of Heart Chambers

475

(2)

Redirecting Blood Flow in the Newborn Mammal

477

(3)

Formation of Blood Vessels

480

(5)

Constraints on How Blood Vessels May Be Constructed

480

(1)

Vasculogenesis: Formation of Blood Vessels from Blood Islands

481

(2)

Angiogenesis: Sprouting of Blood Vessels and Remodeling of Vascular Beds

483

(2)

The Development of Blood Cells

485

(5)

The Stem Cell Concept

485

(1)

Pluripotential Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Microenvironments

485

(3)

Sites of Hematopoiesis

488

(2)

Endoderm

490

(1)

The Pharynx

490

(1)

The Digestive Tube and Its Derivatives

491

(4)

Specification of the Gut Tissue

492

(1)

Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder

493

(1)

The Specification of Liver and Pancreas

494

(1)

The Respiratory Tube

495

(1)

The Extraembryonic Membranes

495

(2)

The Amnion and Chorion

496

(1)

The Allantois and Yolk Sac

497

(1)

Snapshot Summary

497

(1)

Literature Cited

498

(5)

Development of the tetrapod limb

503

(20)

Formation of the Limb Bud

504

(4)

Specification of the Limb Fields: Hox Genes and Retinoic Acid

504

(1)

Induction of the Early Limb Bud: Fibroblast Growth Factors

504

(1)

Specification of Forelimb or Hindlimb: Tbx4 and Tbx5

505

(1)

Induction of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge

506

(2)

Generating the Proximal-Distal Axis of the Limb

508

(5)

The Apical Ectodermal Ridge: The Ectodermal Component

508

(1)

The Progress Zone: The Mesodermal Component

509

(2)

Hox Genes and the Specification of the Proximal-Distal Axis

511

(2)

Hox Genes and the Evolution of the Tetrapod Limb

513

(1)

Specification of the Anterior-Posterior Limb Axis

513

(2)

The Zone of Polarizing Activity

513

(1)

Sonic Hedgehog Defines the ZPA

514

(1)

The Generation of the Dorsal-Ventral Axis

515

(1)

Coordination among the Three Axes

516

(1)

Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints

517

(2)

Sculpting the Autopod

517

(1)

Forming the Joints

517

(2)

Snapshot Summary

519

(1)

Literature Cited

519

(4)

Sex determination

523

(24)

Chromosomal Sex Determination in Mammals

524

(12)

Primary and Secondary Sex Determination

524

(1)

The Developing Gonads

525

(2)

The Mechanisms of Mammalian Primary Sex Determination

527

(4)

Secondary Sex Determination: Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype

531

(3)

Sex Determination and Behaviors

534

(2)

Chromosomal Sex Determination in Drosophila

536

(4)

The Sexual Development Pathway

536

(1)

The Sex-lethal Gene as the Pivot for Sex Determination

537

(2)

The Transformer Genes

539

(1)

Doublesex: The Switch Gene of Sex Determination

540

(1)

Environmental Sex Determination

540

(2)

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles

540

(1)

Location-Dependent Sex Determination in Bonellia and Crepidula

541

(1)

Snapshot Summary

542

(1)

Literature Cited

543

(4)

Metamorphosis, regeneration, and aging

547

(38)

Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development

547

(1)

Amphibian Metamorphosis

548

(8)

Morphological Changes Associated with Metamorphosis

548

(1)

Biochemical Changes Associated with Metamorphosis

549

(1)

Hormonal Control of Amphibian Metamorphosis

549

(3)

Raising Tadpoles

552

(1)

Molecular Responses to Thyroid Hormones during Metamorphosis

552

(2)

Heterochrony

554

(2)

Metamorphosis In Insects

556

(9)

Types of Insect Metamorphosis

556

(1)

Eversion and Differentiation of the Imaginal Discs

557

(2)

Determination of the Wing Imaginal Discs

559

(3)

Hormonal Control of Insect Metamorphosis

562

(1)

The Molecular Biology of Hydroxyecdysone Activity

563

(2)

Regeneration

565

(1)

Epimorphic Regeneration of Salamander Limbs

566

(4)

Formation of the Apical Ectodermal Cap and Regeneration Blastema

566

(2)

Proliferation of the Blastema Cells: The Requirement for Nerves

568

(1)

Pattern Formation In the Regeneration Blastema

568

(2)

Compensatory Regeneration in the Mammalian Liver

570

(1)

Morphallactic Regeneration in Hydras

570

(4)

Medical Advances in Regeneration

573

(1)

Aging: The Biology of Senescence

574

(1)

Maximum Life Span and Life Expectancy

574

(1)

Causes of Aging

575

(2)

Oxidative Damage

575

(1)

General Wear-and-Tear and Genetic Instability

576

(1)

Snapshot Summary

577

(1)

Literature Cited

578

(7)

The saga of the germ line

585

(36)

Germ Plasm and the Determination of the Primordial Germ Cells

585

(4)

Germ Cell Determination in Nematodes

586

(1)

Germ Cell Determination in Insects

587

(1)

Germ Cell Determination in Amphibians

588

(1)

Germ Cell Migration

589

(6)

Germ Cell Migration in Amphibians

589

(1)

Germ Cell Migration in Mammals

590

(2)

EG Cells, ES Cells, and Teratocarcinomas

592

(1)

Germ Cell Migration in Birds and Reptiles

593

(1)

Germ Cell Migration in Drosophila

593

(2)

Meiosis

595

(4)

Big Decisions: Mitosis or Meiosis? Sperm or Egg?

597

(2)

Spermatogenesis

599

(3)

Oogenesis

602

(11)

Oogenic Meiosis

602

(1)

Maturation of the Oocyte in Amphibians

603

(2)

Completion of Amphibian Meiosis: Progesterone and Fertilization

605

(1)

Gene Transcription in Oocytes

606

(2)

Meroistic Oogenesis in Insects

608

(2)

Oogenesis in Mammals

610

(3)

Snapshot Summary

613

(1)

Literature Cited

614

(7)

part 4 Ramifications of developmental biology

An overview of plant development

621

(28)

Plant Life Cycles

622

(2)

Gamete Production in Angiosperms

624

(3)

Pollen

624

(2)

The Ovary

626

(1)

Pollination

627

(2)

Fertilization

629

(1)

Embryonic Development

629

(4)

Experimental Studies

629

(1)

Embryogenesis

630

(3)

Dormancy

633

(1)

Germination

634

(1)

Vegetative Growth

635

(4)

Meristems

635

(1)

Root Development

636

(1)

Shoot Development

637

(1)

Leaf Development

638

(1)

The Vegetative-to-Reproductive Transition

639

(6)

Senescence

645

(1)

Snapshot Summary

645

(1)

Literature Cited

646

(3)

Environmental regulation of animal development

649

(30)

Environmental Regulation of Normal Development

649

(1)

Environmental Cues and Normal Development

649

(3)

Larval Settlement

649

(1)

Blood Meals

650

(1)

Developmental Symbiosis

650

(2)

Predictable Environmental Differences as Cues for Development

652

(1)

Seasonality and Sex in Aphids

652

(1)

Diapause

653

(1)

Gravity and Pressure

653

(1)

Phenotypic Plasticity: Polyphenism and Reaction Norms

653

(5)

Seasonal Polyphenism in Butterflies

655

(1)

Nutritional Polyphenism

655

(1)

Environment-Dependent Sex Determination

656

(1)

Polyphenisms for Alternative Conditions

657

(1)

Predator-Induced Defenses

658

(2)

Mammalian Immunity as a Predator-Induced Response

660

(2)

Genetic Assimilation

661

(1)

Learning: An Environmentally Adaptive Nervous System

662

(2)

Environmental Disruption of Normal Development

664

(1)

Teratogenic Agents

665

(8)

Retinoic Acid as a Teratogen

666

(1)

Alcohol as a Teratogen

667

(1)

Other Teratogenic Agents

668

(1)

Endocrine Disruptors

669

(4)

Genetic-Environmental Interactions

673

(1)

Coda

673

(1)

Snapshot Summary

674

(1)

Literature Cited

674

(5)

Developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change

679

(31)

``Unity of Type'' and ``Conditions of Existence''

679

(4)

Charles Darwin's Synthesis

679

(1)

E. B. Wilson and F. R. Lillie

680

(1)

``Life's Splendid Drama''

680

(2)

The Search for the Urbilaterian Ancestor

682

(1)

Hox Genes: Descent with Modification

683

(7)

Changes in Hox-Responsive Elements of Downstream Genes

684

(1)

Changes in Hox Gene Transcription Patterns within a Body Portion

684

(2)

Changes in Hox Gene Expression between Body Segments

686

(2)

Changes in Hox Gene Number

688

(1)

Assessing Homologies through Regulatory Gene Expression Patterns

689

(1)

Homologous Pathways of Development

690

(3)

Instructions for Forming the Central Nervous System

690

(2)

Limb Formation

692

(1)

Modularity: The Prerequisite for Evolution through Development

693

(3)

Dissociation: Heterochrony and Allometry

694

(1)

Duplication and Divergence

695

(1)

Co-option

696

(1)

Developmental Correlation

697

(2)

Correlated Progression

697

(1)

Coevolution of Ligand and Receptor

698

(1)

Developmental Constraints

699

(3)

Physical Constraints

699

(1)

Morphogenetic Constraints

700

(1)

Phyletic Constraints

700

(2)

Canalization and the Release of Developmental Constraints

702

(1)

A New Evolutionary Synthesis

702

(3)

Snapshot Summary

705

(1)

Literature Cited

706

(4)

Appendix I: A Partial List of Genes Active in Human Development

710

(2)

Sources for Chapter-Opening Quotations

712

(1)

Author Index

713

(12)

Subject Index

725

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Developmental Biology

Developmental Biology

9780878932436

0878932437

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Developmental Biology

Developmental Biology

9780878932436

0878932437

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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