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Critical Care Nursing A Holistic Approach

by: Morton, Patricia Gonce; Fontaine, Dorrie K.; Hudak, Carolyn M.; Gallo, Barbara M.

Critical Care Nursing A Holistic Approach

by: Morton, Patricia Gonce; Fontaine, Dorrie K.; Hudak, Carolyn M.; Gallo, Barbara M.

ISBN 13:
9780781727594
ISBN 10:
0781727596
Edition: 8th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/06/2004
Publisher: LWW
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Summary

A classic in its field, this popular text provides clinical coverage of critical care nursing, with an emphasis on holism in practice to provide students with a solid grasp of the scientific and clinical knowledge they need to deliver safe and effective care. Beginning with the psychosocial concepts of care, the text progresses through assessment and management of a variety of disorders. Its comprehensive yet concise writing offers students a wealth of information and can be used as a future reference. Now under the head authorship of Tricia Morton, Critical Care Nursing maintains its popular holistic approach to the complexities of adult health and critical care. The Eighth Edition is now in full-color, and has been thoroughly updated to reflect recent changes and advances in critical care nursing. A CD-ROM in the back of this edition has common Critical Care Drug Monographs, Crisis Values of Lab Tests, Critical Care Nursing Procedures, Animations, and comprehensive critical care exams.

PART 1 The Concept of Holism Applied to Critical Care Nursing Practice

(74)

Critical Care Nursing Practice: An Integration of Caring, Competence, and Commitment to Excellence

(9)

Evidence-Based Critical Care Nursing Practice

(1)

Critical Thinking is Essential to Critical Care

(1)

Certification and Critical Care Nursing Practice

(1)

The Synergy Model

(2)

Collaboration

(1)

The Family, Critical Illness, and Current Evidence

(1)

Spirituality and Caring During Critical Illness and at the End of Life

(1)

Professional Organizations and Resources

(1)

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses: A Commitment to Excellence

(1)

The Future of Critical Care Nursing

(3)

The Patient's Experience With Critical Illness

(15)

Perception of Critical Illness

(1)

Patients' Experiences

(1)

Anxiety

(1)

Causes of Anxiety

(1)

Responses to Anxiety

(1)

Patterns of Adaptation

(1)

Nursing Assessment

(1)

Nursing Interventions

(3)

Creating a Healing Environment

(1)

Fostering Trust

(1)

Providing Information

(1)

Allowing Control

(1)

Cultural Sensitivity

(1)

Presencing and Reassurance

(1)

Cognitive Techniques

(1)

Guided Imagery and Relaxation Training

(1)

Deep Breathing

(1)

Music Therapy

(1)

Humor

(1)

Massage and Therapeutic Touch

(1)

Meridian Therapy

(1)

Animal-Assisted Therapy

(1)

Restraints in Critical Care

(2)

Physical Restraints

(1)

Chemical Restraint

(1)

Alternatives to Restraints

(1)

Loss and Responses to Loss

(2)

Shock and Disbelief

(1)

Development of Awareness

(1)

Restitution

(1)

Resolution

(1)

Spirituality and Healing

(2)

Care at the End of Life

(3)

A Good Death

(1)

Barriers to Care

(1)

Nursing Interventions

(2)

The Family's Experience With Critical Illness

(9)

Stress, Critical Illness, and the Impact on the Family

(1)

Coping Mechanisms

(1)

The Family and the Nursing Process

(3)

Nursing Assessment

(1)

Nursing Interventions

(1)

Visitation Advocacy

(1)

Use of the Nurse-Family Relationship

(1)

Problem Solving With the Family

(1)

Collaborative Management

(1)

End-of-Life Issues in Critical Care

(2)

Nursing Interventions at the End of Life

(1)

After the Patient's Death

(1)

Cultural Issues Related to Critical Illness

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Impact of the Critical Care Environment on the Patient

(10)

The Environment of the Health Care System and the Intensive Care Unit

(4)

The Intensive Care Unit: Physical Features

(2)

The Intensive Care Unit: Emotional Features

(1)

Assessment of the Patient--Environment Interface

(2)

Anxiety Assessment

(1)

Sleep Assessment

(1)

Delirium Assessment

(1)

The Vicious Cycle: Anxiety, Pain, and Sleeplessness

(1)

Creating A Healing Intensive Care Unit Environment

(4)

Controlling Excessive Noise and Lights

(1)

Using Nonpharmacological Therapies

(1)

Promoting Sleep

(1)

Family Visiting

(1)

Family Presence at the End of Life

(2)

Relieving Pain and Providing Comfort

(16)

Pain Defined

(1)

Pain in the Critically Ill

(1)

Procedural Pain

(1)

Consequences of Pain

(1)

Barriers to Effective Pain Control

(1)

Resources to Promote Effective Pain Control

(1)

Clinical Practice Guidelines

(1)

The Support Trial

(1)

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Standards for Pain

(1)

Pain Assessment

(3)

Patient Self-Report

(2)

Observation

(1)

Physiological Parameters

(1)

Pain Intervention

(6)

Pharmacological Interventions

(5)

Nonpharmacological Comfort Measures

(1)

Patient Education

(1)

Pain Management in Special Populations

(3)

Patient and Family Education in Critical Care

(13)

Barriers to Learning

(2)

Critical Illness and Stress

(1)

Prolonged Illness and Stress

(1)

Environmental Stress

(1)

Cultural and Language Barriers

(1)

Education and Learning

(2)

Three Domains of Learning

(1)

Adult Learning Principles

(1)

The Process of Adult Education

(2)

Assessing Learning Needs in a Time of Crisis

(1)

Intervention: Effective Teaching Strategies in Critical Care

(1)

Evaluating the Learning Process

(1)

The Standards of Patient and Family Education

(6)

PART 2 Professional Practice Issues in Critical Care

(50)

Ethical Issues in Critical Care Nursing

(12)

Ethics and the Nurse

(1)

The Tools of Ethics

(6)

Approaches to Ethics

(1)

Principles of Bioethics and the Ethics of Care

(6)

Ethical Decision Making Within a Nursing Process Model

(1)

Gather the Relevant Facts

(1)

Identify the Problem

(1)

Analyze the Problem Using Ethical Principles and Rules

(1)

Analyze Alternatives and Act

(1)

Evaluate and Reflect

(1)

Bioethics Resources and Services

(3)

Ethics Committees and Consultant Services

(1)

Professional Nursing Organizations

(3)

Legal Issues in Critical Care Nursing

(11)

An Overview of Major Areas of the Law

(1)

Administrative Law

(1)

Civil Law

(1)

Criminal Law

(1)

Nursing Negligence in Critical Care

(5)

Duty and Breach of Duty

(1)

Causation

(1)

Injury

(1)

Vicarious Liability

(1)

Establishment of Protocols

(1)

The Questionable Medical Order

(1)

Liability for Defective Medical Equipment

(1)

The Need for Consent

(1)

Issues That Involve Life-Support Measures

(5)

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders

(1)

Refusal of Treatment for Religious Reasons

(1)

Advance Directives: Living Wills and Powers of Attorney

(1)

Patient Self-Determination Act

(1)

Withdrawal of Life-Support Measures

(1)

Brain Death

(1)

Organ Donation

(2)

Genetic Issues in Critical Care Nursing

100

(14)

Human Genome Project

100

(1)

Overview

100

(1)

Significance in Nursing

101

(1)

Core Competencies in Genetics (NCHPEG)

101

(1)

Role of the Nurse

101

(2)

Raising Client Awareness

101

(1)

Risk Reduction

101

(1)

Screening

101

(2)

Concepts in Genetics

103

(3)

Cells Contain DNA

103

(1)

Chromosomes Contain DNA

103

(1)

Segments of DNA Are Called Genes

103

(1)

Genes Code for Proteins

104

(1)

Mutations Can Cause Disease

105

(1)

Mitochondrial DNA

106

(1)

Genetically Determined Diseases

106

(5)

Chromosomal Disorders

106

(1)

Monogenic Conditions

106

(4)

Multifactorial Disorders

110

(1)

Somatic Cell Disorders

111

(1)

Mitochondrial Disease

111

(1)

Pharmacogenetics

111

(3)

Building a Professional Practice Model for Excellence in Critical Care Nursing

114

(11)

Defining the Critical Care Nurse

114

(1)

Defining Nursing Professionalism

115

(1)

Defining Nursing Excellence

116

(6)

Values

117

(1)

Vision

117

(1)

Mastery

118

(2)

Passion

120

(1)

Action

121

(1)

Balance

121

(1)

Conclusion

122

(3)

PART 3 Special Populations in Critical Care

125

(72)

The Critically III Pediatric Patient

127

(11)

Prominent Anatomical and Physiological Differences and Implications

127

(4)

Vital Signs

127

(1)

Neurological System

128

(1)

Cardiovascular System

128

(1)

Respiratory System

128

(1)

Gastrointestinal System

129

(1)

Renal System

129

(1)

Endocrine System

130

(1)

Selected Pediatric Challenges

131

(3)

Ventilatory Issues

131

(2)

Medication Administration

133

(1)

Pain Management

133

(1)

Interaction with Children and Families

134

(4)

The Critically Ill Pregnant Woman

138

(12)

Physiological Changes in Pregnancy

138

(2)

Cardiovascular Changes

138

(2)

Respiratory Changes

140

(1)

Renal Changes

140

(1)

Gastrointestinal and Metabolic Changes

140

(1)

Hematological Changes

140

(1)

Fetal and Placental Development Considerations

140

(1)

Critical Care Conditions in Pregnancy

140

(7)

Severe Preeclampsia

142

(3)

HELLP Syndrome

145

(1)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

145

(1)

Amniotic Fluid Embolism

146

(1)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

146

(1)

Trauma

147

(1)

Providing Emotional Support

147

(1)

Conclusion

148

(2)

The Critically Ill Older Patient

150

(25)

Normal Psychobiological Characteristics of Aging

151

(1)

Biological Issues

151

(1)

Psychosocial Issues

151

(1)

Physical Challenges

152

(14)

Auditory Changes

152

(1)

Visual Changes

152

(4)

Other Sensory Changes

156

(1)

Sleep Changes

157

(1)

Skin Changes

158

(1)

Cardiovascular Changes

159

(1)

Respiratory Changes

160

(1)

Renal Changes

161

(2)

Gastrointestinal Changes

163

(1)

Musculoskeletal Changes

164

(1)

Endocrine Changes

164

(1)

Immunological Changes

165

(1)

Psychological Challenges

166

(4)

Cognitive Changes

166

(2)

Abuse of the Older Person

168

(2)

Alcohol Abuse

170

(1)

Challenges in Medication Use

170

(5)

Drug Absorption

170

(1)

Drug Distribution

171

(1)

Drug Metabolism

171

(1)

Drug Excretion

172

(3)

The Postanesthesia Patient

175

(14)

Collaboration Between the Anesthesia Provider and Nurse

175

(1)

Moderate Sedation

176

(1)

Potential Problems in the Postanesthesia Patient

177

(12)

Hypoxemia

177

(2)

Hypoventilation

179

(2)

Hypotension

181

(2)

Hypertension

183

(1)

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

184

(1)

Hypothermia

184

(1)

Hyperthermia

184

(1)

Malignant Hyperthermia

184

(2)

Nausea and Vomiting

186

(1)

Postoperative Pain

186

(3)

Interfacility Transport of the Critically Ill Patient

189

(8)

Modes of Transport

189

(1)

Air Transport of the Critically Ill Patient

190

(1)

Transfer Guidelines and Legal Implications

190

(2)

Phases of Transport

192

(5)

Phase One: Notification and Acceptance by the Receiving Facility

192

(2)

Phase Two: Preparation of the Patient by the Transport Team

194

(1)

Phase Three: The Transport Process

195

(1)

Phase Four: Turnover of the Patient to the Receiving Facility

195

(1)

Phase Five: Post-transport Continuous Quality Improvement Monitoring

195

(2)

PART 4 Cardiovascular System

197

(278)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System

199

(12)

Cardiac Microstructure

199

(1)

Mechanical Events of Contraction

200

(1)

Electrical Events of Depolarization

200

(1)

Physiological Basis of the Resting Potential

201

(1)

Physiological Basis of the Action Potential

201

(1)

Cardiac Macrostructure

202

(1)

Cardiac Conduction

203

(2)

Electrocardiograms

203

(1)

Rhythmicity and Pacing

204

(1)

Cardiac Output

205

(2)

Regulation of Heart Rate

205

(1)

Regulation of Stroke Volume

206

(1)

Coronary Circulation

207

(1)

Peripheral Circulation

207

(4)

Blood Volume

208

(1)

Blood Pressure

208

(3)

Patient Assessment: Cardiovascular System

211

(81)

Cardiac History and Physical Examination

212

(9)

History

212

(3)

Physical Examination

215

(6)

Cardiac Laboratory Studies

221

(8)

Routine Laboratory Studies

221

(2)

Enzyme Studies

223

(4)

Biochemical Markers: Myocardial Proteins

227

(1)

Neurohumoral Hormones: Brain-type Natriuretic Peptide

228

(1)

Newer Diagnostic Markers

228

(1)

Cardiac Diagnostic Studies

229

(15)

Noninvasive Techniques

229

(11)

Invasive Techniques

240

(4)

Electrocardiographic Monitoring

244

(4)

Equipment Features

244

(3)

Procedure

247

(1)

Troubleshooting Electrocardiogram Monitor Problems

248

(1)

Arrhythmias and the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram

248

(19)

Evaluation of a Rhythm Strip

248

(4)

Normal Sinus Rhythm

252

(1)

Arrhythmias Originating at the Sinus Node

252

(2)

Atrial Arrhythmias

254

(2)

Junctional Arrhythmias

256

(1)

Ventricular Arrhythmias

257

(3)

Atrioventricular Blocks

260

(3)

The 12-Lead Electrocardiogram

263

(4)

Effects of Serum Electrolyte Abnormalities on the Electrocardiogram

267

(2)

Potassium

268

(1)

Calcium

268

(1)

Hemodynamic Monitoring

269

(23)

Pressure Monitoring System

269

(2)

Arterial Pressure Monitoring

271

(2)

Central Venous Pressure Monitoring

273

(2)

Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring

275

(7)

Determination of Cardiac Output

282

(3)

Evaluation of Oxygen Delivery and Demand Balance

285

(7)

Patient Management: Cardiovascular System

292

(86)

Pharmacological Therapy

294

(1)

Fibrinolytics, Anticoagulants, and Platelet Inhibitors

294

(4)

Fibrinolytics

294

(1)

Anticoagulants

295

(1)

Platelet Inhibitors

296

(2)

Antidysrhythmics

298

(4)

Class I Antidysrhythmic Drugs

298

(1)

Class II Antidysrhythmic Drugs

298

(3)

Class III Antidysrhythmic Drugs

301

(1)

Class IV Antidysrhythmic Drugs

301

(1)

Unclassified Antidysrhythmic Drugs

301

(1)

Inotropes

302

(1)

Dopamine

302

(1)

Dobutamine

303

(1)

Epinephrine

303

(1)

Isoproterenol

303

(1)

Norepinephrine

303

(1)

Amrinone

303

(1)

Milrinone

303

(1)

Vasodilators

303

(1)

Nitrates

303

(1)

Nitroprusside Sodium

304

(1)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

304

(1)

Antihyperlipidemics

304

(2)

Percutaneous Coronary Interventions and Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

306

(1)

Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

306

(18)

Historical Background

306

(1)

Physiological Principles

306

(1)

Comparisons Between PTCA and CABG

306

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for PTCA and CABG Patient Selection

307

(1)

Equipment Features

307

(2)

Indications for and Contraindications to Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

309

(1)

Procedure

310

(3)

Results

313

(1)

Assessment and Management

313

(3)

Complications

316

(2)

Other Interventional Cardiology Techniques

318

(6)

Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

324

(4)

Historical Background

324

(1)

Pathophysiology of Stenotic Valves

324

(1)

Diagnostic Tests for Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty and Valve Replacement

324

(1)

Equipment Features

324

(1)

Indications for and Contraindi cations to Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty

325

(1)

Procedure

325

(1)

Results

326

(1)

Assessment and Management

326

(2)

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation and Mechanical Circulatory Support

328

(1)

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation

328

(7)

Physiological Principles

328

(1)

Equipment Features

329

(1)

Indications for Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation

329

(1)

Contraindications to Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation

330

(1)

Procedure

330

(1)

Interpretation of Results

331

(1)

Assessment and Management

332

(3)

Complications Specific to Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Therapy

335

(1)

Mechanical Circulatory Support

335

(5)

Physiological Principles

336

(1)

Devices

336

(3)

Nursing Implications

339

(1)

Complications Associated with Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Therapy and Circulatory Support

340

(2)

Bleeding

340

(1)

Thromboembolic Events

341

(1)

Right Ventricular Failure

341

(1)

Infection

341

(1)

Dysrhythmias

342

(1)

Nutritional Deficits

342

(1)

Psychosocial Factors

342

(1)

Management of Dysrhythmias

342

(1)

Cardioversion

342

(2)

Procedure

343

(1)

Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

344

(2)

Indications for Ablation

344

(1)

Procedure

345

(1)

Nursing Management

345

(1)

Cardiac Pacemakers

346

(15)

Indications for Cardiac Pacing

346

(1)

The Pacemaker System

347

(2)

Temporary Pacing Systems

349

(2)

Pacemaker Functioning

351

(1)

The Pacemaker Code

352

(2)

Pacing Modes

354

(1)

Pacemaker Malfunction

354

(3)

Pacemaker Complications

357

(1)

Nursing Management

358

(3)

Implantable Cardioverter--Defibrillators

361

(3)

Indications for Implantable Cardioverter--Defibrillators

361

(1)

The Implantable Cardioverter--Defibrillator System

361

(1)

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Functioning

362

(1)

The Implantable Cardioverter--Defibrillator Code

363

(1)

Nursing Management

363

(1)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

364

(1)

Causes of Cardiopulmonary Arrest

364

(1)

Assessment and Management of the Patient in Cardiopulmonary Arrest

365

(2)

Determine Responsiveness

365

(1)

Position the Patient

365

(1)

Airway

366

(1)

Breathing

366

(1)

Circulation

366

(1)

Role of Resuscitation Team Members

367

(1)

Equipment Used in Cardiopulmonary Arrest

367

(1)

Medications

368

(1)

Defibrillation

368

(2)

Automated External Defibrillator

370

(1)

Transcutaneous Pacing

371

(1)

Therapeutic Hypothermia

371

(1)

Family Presence in Cardiac Arrest Situations

372

(6)

Common Cardiovascular Disorders

378

(15)

Infection and Inflammation of the Heart

378

(4)

Pericarditis

378

(1)

Myocarditis

379

(2)

Endocarditis

381

(1)

Cardiomyopathies

382

(2)

Pathophysiology

382

(1)

Assessment

383

(1)

Management

383

(1)

Peripheral Vascular Disease

384

(2)

Arterial Disease

384

(1)

Venous Disease

385

(1)

Aortic Disease

386

(4)

Aortic Aneurysm

386

(3)

Aortic Dissection

389

(1)

Hypertensive Crisis

390

(3)

Pathophysiology

390

(1)

Assessment

390

(1)

Management

390

(3)

Heart Failure

393

(29)

Definition

394

(1)

Classification

394

(1)

Acute Versus Chronic

394

(1)

Left-Sided Heart Failure Versus Right-Sided Heart Failure

394

(1)

Classification Systems

395

(1)

Factors that Determine Cardiac Output

395

(2)

Oxygen Demand

395

(1)

Mechanical Factors

395

(1)

Neurohormonal Mechanisms

396

(1)

Pathophysiology

397

(3)

Cardiomyopathy

397

(2)

Dysrhythmia

399

(1)

Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Heart Failure

400

(1)

Assessment

400

(8)

History

400

(2)

Physical Examination

402

(2)

Laboratory Studies

404

(1)

Diagnostic Studies

404

(2)

Hemodynamics

406

(1)

Pulse Oximetry

407

(1)

Management of Chronic Heart Failure

408

(5)

Pharmacological Treatment

408

(4)

Nonpharmacological Treatment

412

(1)

Management of Acute Exacerbations of Heart Failure

413

(9)

Airway and Breathing

413

(1)

Circulation

414

(2)

Discharge Planning and Patient Education

416

(6)

Acute Myocardial Infarction

422

(26)

Atherosclerosis

423

(2)

Pathophysiological Principles

423

(1)

Risk Factors

424

(1)

Acute Coronary Syndrome

425

(1)

Angina Pectoris

425

(4)

Pathophysiological Principles

425

(1)

Classification of Angina

426

(1)

Assessment

426

(2)

Management

428

(1)

Myocardial Infarction

429

(19)

Pathophysiological Principles

429

(2)

Assessment

431

(4)

Management

435

(7)

Complications

442

(3)

Cardiac Rehabilitation

445

(3)

Cardiac Surgery

448

(27)

Indications for Cardiac Surgery

448

(7)

Coronary Artery Disease

448

(3)

Valvular Disease

451

(4)

Cardiac Surgery

455

(15)

Preoperative Phase

455

(1)

Intraoperative Phase

455

(3)

Postoperative Phase

458

(12)

Carotid Endarterectomy

470

(5)

Indications for Carotid Endarterectomy

470

(1)

Surgical Procedure

470

(1)

Postoperative Care

471

(1)

Home Care Considerations

472

(3)

PART 5 Respiratory System

475

(152)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

477

(15)

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

477

(5)

The Thorax

477

(3)

The Conducting Airways

480

(1)

The Respiratory Airways

480

(1)

The Lung Circulation

481

(1)

The Pulmonary Lymphatics

482

(1)

Physiology of the Respiratory System

482

(10)

Ventilation

482

(3)

Diffusion

485

(1)

Perfusion

486

(1)

Relationship of Ventilation to Perfusion

487

(1)

Gas Transport

488

(1)

Regulation of Respiration

489

(3)

Patient Assessment: Respiratory System

492

(25)

History

492

(4)

Dyspnea

493

(1)

Chest Pain

493

(1)

Sputum Production

493

(1)

Cough

493

(3)

Physical Examination

496

(10)

Inspection

496

(2)

Palpation

498

(1)

Percussion

499

(1)

Auscultation

499

(7)

Respiratory Monitoring

506

(7)

Pulse Oximetry

506

(1)

End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring

507

(1)

Arterial Blood Gases

508

(4)

Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation

512

(1)

Respiratory Diagnostic Studies

513

(4)

Chest Radiography

513

(1)

Ventilation--Perfusion Scanning

514

(1)

Pulmonary Angiography

514

(1)

Bronchoscopy

514

(1)

Thoracentesis

514

(1)

Sputum Culture

514

(1)

Pulmonary Function Tests

514

(3)

Patient Management: Respiratory System

517

(49)

Bronchial Hygiene

518

(2)

Methods of Bronchial Hygiene

518

(2)

Oxygen Therapy

520

(3)

Patient Assessment

520

(1)

Oxygen Delivery Systems

521

(1)

Complications of Oxygen Delivery

522

(1)

Artificial Airways

523

(4)

Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Airways

523

(1)

Endotracheal Tubes

524

(3)

Chest Tubes

527

(5)

Physiological Principles

527

(1)

Equipment

527

(1)

Chest Tube Placement

528

(2)

Assessment and Management

530

(1)

Complications

531

(1)

Transporting the Patient With Chest Tubes

532

(1)

Pharmacological Agents

532

(4)

Bronchodilator Therapy

532

(3)

Antibiotics

535

(1)

Sedative Agents

535

(1)

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

536

(1)

Ventilatory Support

536

(30)

Physiological Principles

537

(1)

Equipment

538

(1)

Ventilator Modes

539

(4)

Use of Mechanical Ventilators

543

(3)

Complications of Mechanical Ventilation

546

(2)

Assessment and Management

548

(9)

Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation

557

(4)

Home Care and Mechanical Ventilation

561

(2)

New Frontiers and Challenges for Ventilated Patients

563

(3)

Common Respiratory Disorders

566

(42)

Pneumonia

567

(5)

Etiology

567

(1)

Pathophysiology

567

(2)

Assessment

569

(1)

Management

570

(1)

Prevention

571

(1)

Pleural Effusion

572

(2)

Pathophysiology

572

(1)

Assessment

573

(1)

Management

574

(1)

Pneumothorax

574

(1)

Pathophysiology

574

(1)

Assessment

574

(1)

Management

575

(1)

Pulmonary Embolism

575

(3)

Pathophysiology

575

(1)

Assessment

576

(1)

Management

576

(2)

Prevention

578

(1)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

578

(14)

Pathophysiology

578

(1)

Assessment

579

(3)

Management

582

(6)

Prevention

588

(1)

Chronic Bronchitis

589

(1)

Emphysema

590

(2)

Acute Asthma

592

(5)

Pathophysiology

592

(1)

Assessment

593

(1)

Management

594

(1)

Status Asthmaticus

595

(2)

Acute Respiratory Failure

597

(11)

Pathophysiology

597

(1)

Classification

598

(2)

Assessment

600

(2)

Management

602

(6)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

608

(19)

Diagnostic Criteria and Incidence

608

(1)

Pathophysiology

609

(4)

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

610

(1)

Pathological Changes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

610

(1)

Stages of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

610

(3)

Assessment

613

(3)

History

613

(1)

Physical Examination

613

(1)

Diagnostic Studies

614

(2)

Management

616

(5)

Oxygenation and Ventilation

616

(3)

Pharmacological Therapy

619

(1)

Nutritional Support

620

(1)

Prevention of Complications

621

(6)

PART 6 Renal System

627

(88)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal System

629

(11)

Macroscopic Anatomy of the Renal System

629

(2)

Microscopic Anatomy of the Renal System and Normal Renal Physiology

631

(5)

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

632

(1)

Glomerulus

633

(2)

Tubules

635

(1)

Hormonal Influences

636

(1)

Antidiuretic Hormone

636

(1)

Renin

636

(1)

Aldosterone

636

(1)

Functions of the Renal System

636

(4)

Renal Clearance

636

(1)

Regulation

637

(2)

Other Renal Functions

639

(1)

Patient Assessment: Renal System

640

(18)

History

640

(1)

Physical Examination

641

(2)

Assessment of Renal Function

643

(4)

Laboratory Studies

643

(3)

Diagnostic Studies

646

(1)

Assessment of Electrolytes and Acid--Base Balance

647

(6)

Sodium Balance

649

(1)

Potassium Balance

649

(1)

Calcium and Phosphate Balance

649

(1)

Magnesium Balance

650

(1)

Acid-Base Balance

650

(3)

Assessment of Fluid Balance

653

(5)

Weight

653

(1)

Intake and Output

653

(1)

Hypovolemia and Hypervolemia

654

(1)

Hemodynamic Monitoring

655

(3)

Patient Management: Renal System

658

(30)

Physiology

659

(1)

Extracorporeal Therapies

659

(2)

Access to Circulation

659

(2)

Anticoagulation

661

(1)

Intermittent Hemodialysis

661

(6)

Indications for Hemodialysis

662

(1)

Contraindications to Hemodialysis

662

(1)

Equipment

662

(1)

Assessment and Management

663

(3)

Complications

666

(1)

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies

667

(6)

Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

668

(1)

Contraindications to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

668

(1)

Equipment

668

(1)

Assessment and Management

669

(2)

Technical Complications in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Dialysis

671

(1)

Physiological Complications in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Dialysis

672

(1)

Psychological Aspects of Renal Replacement Therapies

672

(1)

Hemodialysis Applied to Other Therapies

672

(1)

Peritoneal Dialysis

673

(4)

Equipment

673

(1)

Assessment and Management

673

(2)

Technical Complications

675

(1)

Physiological Complications

675

(1)

Peritoneal Dialysis as a Chronic Treatment

676

(1)

Pharmacological Management of Renal Dysfunction

677

(1)

Diuretics

677

(1)

Vasoactive Drugs

677

(1)

Disorders of Fluid Volume

678

(4)

Fluid Volume Deficit

679

(3)

Fluid Volume Excess

682

(1)

Management of Electrolyte Imbalances

682

(6)

Sodium

682

(1)

Potassium

682

(3)

Calcium

685

(1)

Magnesium

686

(1)

Phosphorus

686

(2)

Renal Failure

688

(27)

Acute Renal Failure

689

(7)

Causes of Acute Renal Failure

689

(1)

Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure

689

(5)

Clinical Course of Acute Tubular Necrosis

694

(1)

Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure

694

(2)

Chronic Renal Failure

696

(3)

Pathophysiology of Chronic Renal Failure

697

(1)

Preventing the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure

698

(1)

Clinical Course of Chronic Renal Failure

699

(1)

Management of Renal Failure

699

(16)

Managing Fluid Balance Alterations

699

(5)

Managing Acid-Base Alterations

704

(1)

Managing Cardiovascular Alterations

704

(2)

Managing Pulmonary Alterations

706

(1)

Managing Gastrointestinal Alterations

707

(1)

Managing Neuromuscular Alterations

707

(1)

Managing Hematological Alterations

707

(2)

Managing Alterations in Drug Elimination

709

(1)

Managing Skeletal Alterations

709

(1)

Managing Integumentary Alterations

709

(2)

Managing Alterations in Dietary Intake

711

(1)

Managing Alterations in Psychosocial Functioning

712

(3)

PART 7 Nervous System

715

(176)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System

717

(33)

Cells of the Nervous System

718

(1)

Neuroglia

718

(1)

Neurons

718

(1)

Characteristics of Neurons

718

(3)

Resting Membrane Potential

718

(1)

Synaptic Transmission

719

(2)

Neuronal Thresholds and the Action Potential

721

(1)

Nerve Regeneration

721

(1)

Central Nervous System

722

(5)

Cerebrospinal Fluid

722

(2)

Brain

724

(3)

Spinal Cord

727

(1)

Peripheral Nervous System

727

(11)

Cranial Nerves

728

(1)

Spinal Nerves

729

(1)

Sensory Division

729

(4)

Motor Division

733

(5)

Reflexes

738

(3)

Brain Reflexes

739

(1)

Spinal Cord Reflexes

739

(2)

Pain

741

(2)

Pain Pathways and Their Modulation

742

(1)

Referred Pain

742

(1)

The Neurohormonal Stress Response

743

(4)

Homeostasis

743

(1)

Disruption of Homeostasis

744

(3)

Conclusion

747

(3)

Patient Assessment: Nervous System

750

(25)

History

751

(2)

Analysis of the Current Problem

752

(1)

Review of Systems

752

(1)

Pertinent Medical History

752

(1)

Physical Examination

753

(12)

Mental Status

753

(1)

Motor Function

754

(3)

Pupillary Changes

757

(1)

Vital Signs

757

(2)

Cranial Nerve Function

759

(4)

Reflexes

763

(1)

Sensation

763

(1)

Signs of Trauma or Infection

764

(1)

Signs of Increased Intracranial Pressure

764

(1)

Evaluation of Dysfunction in the Patient's Living Patterns

765

(1)

Neurodiagnostic Studies

765

(10)

Neuroradiological Techniques

765

(4)

Computed Tomography

769

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

770

(1)

Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

770

(1)

Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography

770

(1)

Cerebral Blood Flow Studies

771

(1)

Myelography

771

(1)

Ultrasonography and Noninvasive Cerebrovascular Studies

771

(1)

Electrophysiological Studies

772

(1)

Lumbar Puncture for Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination

773

(2)

Patient Management: Nervous System

775

(21)

Physiological Principles

775

(2)

Intracranial Dynamics

775

(2)

Volume-Pressure Curve

777

(1)

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

777

(1)

Causes of Increased Intracranial Pressure

777

(1)

Cushing's Syndrome

777

(1)

Cerebral Edema

778

(1)

Herniation

778

(1)

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring

778

(5)

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Devices

778

(2)

Results of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring

780

(3)

Indications for Intracranial Pressure Monitoring

783

(1)

Management of Increased Intracranial Pressure

783

(13)

First-Tier Therapy

783

(3)

Second-Tier Therapy

786

(2)

Nursing Management

788

(4)

Seizure Prophylaxis

792

(4)

Common Neurosurgical and Neurological Disorders

796

(43)

Neuroanatomy

796

(2)

Cerebrum

796

(1)

Cerebellum

797

(1)

Brainstem

797

(1)

Ventricles

797

(1)

Brain Vasculature

797

(1)

Neuromuscular Junction

797

(1)

Neurological Surgery

798

(17)

Brain Tumors

798

(10)

Aneurysms

808

(4)

Arteriovenous Malformations

812

(1)

Surgical Approaches

813

(2)

Neurological Disorders

815

(24)

Cerebrovascular Disease

815

(1)

Stroke

815

(8)

Seizures

823

(5)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

828

(3)

Myasthenia Gravis

831

(8)

Head Injury

839

(22)

Mechanisms of Head Injury

839

(2)

Pathophysiology

841

(5)

Primary Brain Injury

841

(2)

Secondary Brain Injury

843

(3)

Assessment

846

(4)

Physical Examination

846

(3)

Diagnostic Testing

849

(1)

Management

850

(6)

Monitoring and Controlling Intracranial Pressure

850

(1)

Maintaining Cerebral Perfusion

851

(1)

Preventing and Treating Seizures

851

(1)

Monitoring Fluid and Electrolyte Status

852

(2)

Managing Cardiovascular Complications

854

(1)

Managing Pulmonary Complications

854

(1)

Ensuring Optimal Nutrition

855

(1)

Managing Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Complications

855

(1)

Caring for the Family

855

(1)

Brain Death

856

(5)

Spinal Cord Injury

861

(30)

Classification of Injury

862

(1)

Mechanism of Injury

862

(1)

Type of Vertebral Injury

862

(1)

Level of Injury

862

(1)

Cause of Injury

862

(1)

Spinal Cord Syndromes

862

(1)

Central Cord Syndrome

862

(1)

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

862

(1)

Anterior Cord Syndrome

863

(1)

Posterior Cord Syndrome

863

(1)

Autonomic Nervous System Syndromes

863

(1)

Spinal Shock

863

(1)

Neurogenic Shock

864

(1)

Orthostatic Hypotension

864

(1)

Pathophysiology

864

(1)

Primary Injury

864

(1)

Secondary Injury

864

(1)

Initial Assessment and Management

864

(5)

Prehospital Management

864

(3)

In-Hospital Management

867

(2)

Ongoing Assessment and Management

869

(14)

Realignment and Stabilization of the Spine

869

(2)

Prevention of Respiratory Problems

871

(2)

Restoration of Hemodynamic Stability

873

(3)

Neurological Management

876

(1)

Pain Management

876

(1)

Medication Administration

876

(1)

Thermoregulation

876

(1)

Nutrition

876

(2)

Mobilization and Skin Care

878

(2)

Urinary Management

880

(1)

Bowel Management

880

(2)

Psychological Support

882

(1)

Addressing Concerns About Sexuality

882

(1)

Complications

883

(2)

Autonomic Dysreflexia

883

(1)

Pulmonary Complications

884

(1)

Paralytic Ileus and Stress Ulcers

885

(1)

Heterotropic Ossification

885

(1)

Spasticity

885

(1)

Patient Teaching and Discharge Planning

885

(6)

PART 8 Gastrointestinal System

891

(102)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System

893

(18)

Structure of the Gastrointestinal System

893

(6)

Macroscopic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System

893

(3)

Microscopic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System

896

(1)

Innervation

896

(2)

Circulation

898

(1)

Function of the Gastrointestinal System

899

(12)

Oropharynx

899

(2)

Esophagus

901

(1)

Stomach

902

(2)

Pancreas

904

(1)

Gallbladder

904

(1)

Small Intestine

905

(1)

Large Intestine

906

(1)

Liver

907

(4)

Patient Assessment: Gastrointestinal System

911

(21)

History

912

(1)

Physical Examination

913

(8)

Oral Cavity and Throat

913

(2)

Abdomen

915

(5)

Anus and Rectum

920

(1)

Nutritional Assessment

921

(1)

Laboratory Studies

922

(2)

Laboratory Studies Relating to Liver Function

922

(1)

Laboratory Studies Relating to Pancreatic Function

922

(2)

Other Laboratory Studies

924

(1)

Diagnostic Studies

924

(8)

Radiological and Imaging Studies

924

(5)

Endoscopic Studies

929

(1)

Other Diagnostic Studies

929

(3)

Patient Management: Gastrointestinal System

932

(21)

Enteral Nutrition

938

(8)

Methods of Enteral Nutrition Delivery

938

(5)

Types and Delivery of Enteral Formulas

943

(1)

Complications of Enteral Nutrition

944

(2)

Parenteral (Intravenous) Nutrition

946

(4)

Methods of Parenteral Nutrition Delivery

946

(2)

Complications of Parenteral Nutrition

948

(2)

Terminating Parenteral Nutrition

950

(1)

Role of the Nurse in Nutritional Support

950

(3)

Common Gastrointestinal Disorders

953

(40)

Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding

953

(9)

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

953

(7)

Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

960

(2)

Intestinal Obstruction and Ileus

962

(7)

Small Bowel Obstruction

963

(3)

Colonic Obstruction

966

(1)

Ileus

967

(2)

Acute Pancreatitis

969

(8)

Etiology

969

(1)

Pathophysiology

969

(1)

Clinical Presentation

969

(1)

Assessment

970

(1)

Complications

971

(2)

Management

973

(4)

Hepatitis

977

(6)

Etiology

977

(3)

Pathophysiology

980

(1)

Assessment

980

(2)

Management

982

(1)

Complications of Liver Disease

983

(10)

Cirrhosis

983

(5)

Hepatic Encephalopathy

988

(1)

Hepatorenal Syndrome

989

(1)

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

989

(4)

PART 9 Endocrine System

993

(66)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System

995

(18)

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

996

(5)

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) Hormones

998

(2)

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) Hormones

1000

(1)

The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

1001

(3)

Thyroid Hormones

1002

(1)

Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone

1003

(1)

The Endocrine Pancreas

1004

(2)

Insulin

1004

(1)

Glucagon

1005

(1)

Somatostatin

1006

(1)

Pancreatic Polypeptide

1006

(1)

The Adrenal Glands

1006

(4)

Medullary Hormones

1007

(1)

Cortical Hormones

1008

(2)

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (Natriuretic Hormone)

1010

(3)

Patient Assessment: Endocrine System

1013

(13)

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

1014

(2)

History and Physical Examination

1014

(1)

Laboratory Studies

1014

(2)

Diagnostic Studies

1016

(1)

The Thyroid Gland

1016

(4)

History and Physical Examination

1017

(2)

Laboratory Studies

1019

(1)

Diagnostic Studies

1020

(1)

The Parathyroid Gland

1020

(1)

History and Physical Examination

1020

(1)

Laboratory Studies

1021

(1)

Diagnostic Studies

1021

(1)

The Endocrine Pancreas

1021

(2)

History and Physical Examination

1021

(1)

Laboratory Studies

1021

(2)

The Adrenal Gland

1023

(3)

History and Physical Examination

1023

(1)

Laboratory Studies

1023

(2)

Diagnostic Studies

1025

(1)

Common Endocrine Disorders

1026

(33)

Thyroid Dysfunction

1026

(5)

Thyroid Crisis

1026

(4)

Myxedema Coma

1030

(1)

Adrenal Gland Dysfunction

1031

(2)

Adrenal Crisis

1031

(2)

Antidiuretic Hormone Dysfunction

1033

(4)

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion

1033

(2)

Diabetes Insipidus

1035

(2)

Diabetic Emergencies

1037

(22)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

1038

(12)

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

1050

(4)

Hypoglycemia

1054

(5)

PART 10 Hematological and Immune Systems

1059

(134)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematological and Immune Systems

1061

(13)

Hematological System

1061

(6)

Blood and Its Functions

1061

(1)

Components of Blood

1062

(3)

Blood Coagulation

1065

(2)

Immune System

1067

(7)

Immune Response

1067

(3)

Impaired Host Resistance

1070

(4)

Patient Assessment: Hematological and Immune Systems

1074

(14)

Assessment

1074

(2)

History

1074

(1)

Physical Examination

1075

(1)

Diagnostic Studies and Results Interpretation

1076

(9)

Tests to Evaluate Red Blood Cells

1076

(2)

Tests to Evaluate White Blood Cells

1078

(2)

Tests to Evaluate Disorders of Primary Hemostasis

1080

(3)

Tests to Evaluate Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis

1083

(1)

Tests to Evaluate Hematological and Immune Disorders

1084

(1)

Assessment of the Immunocompromised Patient

1085

(3)

History

1085

(1)

Risk Factors for Immunocompromise

1085

(3)

Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

1088

(48)

Indications for Transplantation

1089

(1)

Patient Evaluation and Contraindications to Transplantation

1089

(1)

Donor Selection

1090

(5)

Determining Compatibility

1092

(1)

Living Donors

1093

(1)

Cadaveric Donors

1094

(1)

Assessment and Management in Organ Transplantation

1095

(6)

Preoperative Phase

1095

(1)

Surgical Procedure

1095

(1)

Postoperative Phase

1096

(5)

Assessment and Management in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

1101

(4)

Stem Cell Harvesting, Mobilization, and Collection

1101

(2)

Conditioning Regimen

1103

(1)

Transplantation/Hematopoietic Stem Cell Infusion

1104

(1)

Engraftment

1104

(1)

Immunosuppressive Therapy

1105

(1)

Complications of Transplantation

1105

(16)

Organ Transplantation

1105

(10)

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

1115

(6)

Long-Term Considerations

1121

(15)

Common Immunological Disorders

1136

(38)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

1136

(18)

Epidemiology

1137

(1)

Pathophysiology

1137

(4)

Assessment

1141

(4)

Management

1145

(9)

Oncological Complications and Emergencies

1154

(20)

General Principles in the Critical Care of Patients With Cancer

1154

(1)

Hematological Complications

1155

(4)

Anatomical-Structural Complications

1159

(8)

Metabolic Complications

1167

(7)

Common Hematological Disorders

1174

(19)

Disorders of Red Blood Cells

1174

(4)

Deficiency Anemias

1174

(1)

Hemolytic Anemias

1175

(2)

Sickle Cell Anemia

1177

(1)

Polycythemia

1178

(1)

Disorders of White Blood Cells

1178

(3)

Neutropenia

1179

(1)

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

1179

(2)

Myeloproliferative Disorders

1181

(1)

Disorders of Bone Marrow Failure

1181

(1)

Aplastic Anemia

1181

(1)

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

1182

(1)

Myelofibrosis

1182

(1)

Disorders of Hemostasis

1182

(3)

Bleeding Disorders

1183

(1)

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

1183

(1)

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

1183

(2)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

1185

(8)

Pathophysiology

1185

(1)

Assessment

1186

(1)

Management

1187

(6)

PART 11 Integumentary System

1193

(56)

Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System

1195

(5)

Epidermis

1195

(1)

Dermis

1195

(1)

Hypodermis

1196

(1)

Skin Appendages

1196

(2)

Sweat Glands

1196

(1)

Sebaceous Glands

1196

(1)

Hair

1196

(1)

Nails

1197

(1)

Functions of the Skin

1198

(1)

Skin of the Older Adult

1198

(1)

Skin of the Child

1198

(2)

Patient Assessment: Integumentary System

1200

(11)

History

1200

(1)

Physical Examination

1200

(5)

Inspection

1200

(4)

Palpation

1204

(1)

Assessment of Pressure Ulcers

1205

(1)

Assessment of Skin Tumors

1205

(3)

Assessment of the Skin in Older Adults

1208

(1)

Assessment of the Skin in Children

1209

(2)

Patient Management: Integumentary System

1211

(15)

Types of Wounds

1211

(2)

Pressure Ulcers

1212

(1)

Leg Ulcers

1212

(1)

Wound Healing

1213

(1)

Phases of Wound Healing

1213

(1)

Methods of Wound Healing

1214

(1)

Wound Assessment

1214

(2)

Wound Care

1216

(3)

Wound Closure

1216

(1)

Wound Drainage

1216

(1)

Wound Dressings

1217

(1)

Wound Debridement

1217

(1)

Wound Cultures

1218

(1)

Use of Pressure-Relieving Devices

1218

(1)

Pain Management

1218

(1)

Pharmacotherapy

1218

(1)

Care of Specific Wounds

1219

(1)

Pressure Ulcers

1219

(1)

Burns

1219

(1)

High-Volume Draining Wounds

1219

(1)

Nutrition and Wound Healing

1219

(3)

Patient Teaching and Discharge Planning

1222

(4)

Burns

1226

(23)

Classification of Burn Injuries

1226

(4)

Causative Agent

1227

(1)

Depth

1227

(2)

Severity

1229

(1)

Pathophysiology

1230

(2)

Localized Tissue Response

1230

(1)

Systemic Response

1230

(2)

Concomitant Problems

1232

(3)

Pulmonary Injury

1232

(2)

Infection

1234

(1)

Trauma

1234

(1)

Management

1235

(14)

Resuscitative Phase

1235

(1)

Reparative Phase

1236

(10)

Rehabilitative Phase

1246

(3)

PART 12 Multisystem Dysfunction

1249

(70)

Shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

1251

(26)

Pathophysiology of Shock

1252

(3)

Tissue Oxygenation and Perfusion

1252

(1)

Compensatory Mechanisms

1253

(2)

Classification of Shock

1255

(1)

Hypovolemic Shock

1255

(2)

Etiology

1255

(1)

Pathophysiology

1255

(1)

Assessment

1255

(1)

Management

1256

(1)

Complications

1257

(1)

Cardiogenic Shock

1257

(4)

Etiology

1257

(1)

Pathophysiology

1258

(1)

Assessment

1258

(1)

Management

1259

(2)

Anaphylactic Shock

1261

(1)

Etiology

1261

(1)

Pathophysiology

1261

(1)

Assessment

1262

(1)

Management

1262

(1)

Neurogenic Shock

1262

(1)

Septic Shock

1263

(7)

Etiology

1263

(1)

Pathophysiology

1263

(3)

Assessment

1266

(1)

Management

1266

(4)

Features Common to all Shock States

1270

(1)

Stages of Shock

1270

(1)

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

1270

(1)

Etiology

1270

(1)

Pathophysiology

1270

(1)

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

1271

(6)

Etiology

1271

(1)

Pathophysiology

1271

(2)

Assessment: Monitoring Organ Function

1273

(1)

Management

1273

(4)

Trauma

1277

(24)

Mechanism of Injury

1277

(3)

Blunt Injury

1278

(1)

Penetrating Injury

1278

(2)

Stab Wounds and Impalements

1280

(1)

Initial Assessment and Management

1280

(4)

Prehospital Management

1280

(1)

In-Hospital Management

1281

(3)

Assessment and Management of Specific Injuries

1284

(12)

Thoracic Trauma

1284

(5)

Abdominal Trauma

1289

(4)

Musculoskeletal Injuries

1293

(2)

Maxillofacial Trauma

1295

(1)

Complications of Multiple Trauma

1296

(5)

Early Complications

1296

(1)

Late Complications

1296

(5)

Drug Overdose and Poisoning

1301

(18)

The Poisoned or Overdosed Patient

1301

(1)

Poisoning

1302

(1)

Substance Abuse and Overdose

1302

(1)

Assessment

1302

(1)

Triage

1302

(1)

History

1302

(1)

Physical Examination

1303

(1)

Laboratory Studies

1303

(1)

Management

1303

(16)

Stabilization

1303

(2)

Initial Decontamination

1305

(1)

Gastrointestinal Decontamination

1305

(2)

Enhanced Elimination of the Drug or Toxin

1307

(1)

Antagonists, Antitoxins, and Antivenins

1307

(1)

Continuous Patient Monitoring

1308

(1)

Patient Teaching

1309

(10)

Appendix 1 ACLS Guidelines

1319

(12)

Appendix 2 Answer Key to Study Questions With Rationales

1331

(16)

Index

1347

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Critical Care Nursing A Holistic Approach

Critical Care Nursing A Holistic Approach

9780781727594

0781727596

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Critical Care Nursing A Holistic Approach

Critical Care Nursing A Holistic Approach

9780781727594

0781727596

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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