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Criminology: A Sociological Understanding

by: Steven F. Barkan

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding

by: Steven F. Barkan

ISBN 13:
9780133416039
ISBN 10:
0133416038
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 09/01/1996
Publisher: Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group
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Summary

In presenting a sociological perspective on crime and criminal justice, this book highlights issues of race, gender, and class throughout and emphasizes the criminogenic effects of the social and physical features of urban neighborhoods. Several chapters uncommon in other books are included.

Preface

xiii

(3)

About the Author

xvi

PART I UNDERSTANDING CRIME AND VICTIMIZATION

(113)

CHAPTER 1 CRIMINOLOGY AND THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

(20)

The Sociological Perspective

(3)

The Mutual Relevance of Sociology and Criminology

(1)

The Rise of Sociological Criminology

(2)

Consensus and Conflict in the Creation of Criminal Law

(1)

Research Methodology in Criminology

(5)

Types of Research

(3)

Criteria for Causality

(1)

An Overview of Criminal Law

(4)

Legal Distinctions in Types of Crimes

(1)

Criminal Intent

(1)

Legal Defenses to Criminal Liability

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

CHAPTER 2 PUBLIC OPINION, THE NEWS MEDIA, AND THE CRIME PROBLEM

(30)

Public Opinion and Public Policy

(2)

The Accuracy of Public Beliefs About Crime and Criminal Justice

(11)

The News Media and Public Opinion on Crime

(2)

Overdramatization of Crime in the News Media

(1)

A Brief Look Back

(2)

Crime Myths

(3)

MEDIA COVERAGE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

The Effects of Media Coverage

(3)

Research on Public Attitudes About Crime and Punishment

(12)

Fear of Crime

(7)

PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CANADA

(1)

The Seriousness of Crime

(2)

Attitudes Toward the Punishment of Criminals

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

(2)

Key Terms

(1)

CHAPTER 3 THE MEASUREMENT AND PATTERNING OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

(33)

Measuring Crime

(11)

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

(5)

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

(4)

Self-Report Studies

(2)

Evaluating UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data

(1)

Recent Trends in U.S. Crime Rates

(2)

The Patterning of Criminal Behavior

(3)

Geographical Patterns

(1)

MEASURING CRIME IN OTHER NATIONS

(1)

Seasonal and Climatological Variations

(1)

Social Patterns of Criminal Behavior

(11)

Gender and Crime

(4)

Race and Crime

(3)

Class and Crime

(2)

Age and Crime

(2)

Chronic Offenders and Criminal Careers

(2)

CRIMINAL POTENTIAL AND LIFE EVENTS AFTER CHILDHOOD

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

CHAPTER 4 VICTIMS AND VICTIMIZATION

(30)

Defining Victims and Studying Victimization

(2)

The Patterning of Victimization

(12)

Geographical Patterns

(1)

Social Patterns

(1)

CROSS-NATIONAL VICTIMIZATION PATTERNS

(5)

The Victim-Offender Relationship

(2)

Crime Characteristics

(2)

Rape and Family Violence

(1)

Explaining Victimization

100

(6)

Lifestyle and Routine Activities Theory

101

(2)

Deviant Lifestyles and Victimization

103

(1)

Physical Proximity and Victimization

104

(1)

Explaining Demographic Variation in Victimization

104

(1)

The Issue of Victim Precipitation

104

(2)

The Costs and Consequences of Victimization

106

(2)

Economic and Medical Costs and Consequences

106

(1)

Psychological Consequences

107

(1)

Victims in the Criminal Justice System

108

(2)

Victimization by White-Collar Crime

110

(1)

Victimization Against the Homeless

110

(2)

THE POLITICS OF VICTIMIZATION

111

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

112

(1)

Key Terms

113

(1)

PART II EXPLAINING CRIME

114

(137)

CHAPTER 5 EXPLAINING CRIME: EMPHASIS ON THE INDIVIDUAL

114

(38)

From Theology to Science

118

(5)

Gods and Demons as Causes of Crime and Deviance

118

(1)

The Age of Reason

118

(1)

The Classical School of Criminology

119

(3)

The Rise of Positivism

122

(1)

Biological Explanations

123

(16)

Phrenology

123

(1)

Cesare Lombroso

Atavism

124

(2)

Earnest Hooton

Biological Inferiority

126

(1)

William Sheldon

Body Shapes

127

(1)

Family, Heredity, and Genes

128

(3)

Neurochemical Mechanisms

131

(3)

Diet and Nutrition

134

(1)

Pregnancy and Birth Complications

135

(1)

Critique of Biological Explanations

135

(1)

RACE AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

136

(3)

Psychological Explanations

139

(11)

Psychoanalytic Explanations

139

(2)

Moral Development and Crime

141

(1)

Intelligence and Crime

142

(2)

Personality and Crime

144

(2)

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN NEW ZEALAND

146

(1)

Critique of Psychological Explanations

147

(3)

Summary and Conclusion

150

(1)

Key Terms

151

(1)

CHAPTER 6 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES: EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE

152

(32)

The Legacy of Durkheim

155

(1)

Social Disorganization and Social Ecology

156

(11)

Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. McKay

158

(1)

Critique of Social Disorganization Theory

159

(1)

The Revival of Social Disorganization Theory

160

(1)

Other Ecological Work

160

(2)

CRIME RATES RISE AS NORMS BREAK DOWN

162

(5)

Anomie/Strain Theory

167

(7)

Critique of Anomie Theory

169

(1)

Defense and Extension of Anomie Theory

170

(2)

General Strain Theory

172

(1)

CRIME IN FAMILIES: SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OR BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM?

173

(1)

Subcultural Theories

174

(6)

Albert K. Cohen

School Failure and Delinquent Subcultures

174

(2)

Walter B. Miller

Focal Concerns

176

(2)

Marvin Wolfgang

Franco Ferracuti

The Subculture of Violence

178

(1)

Richard Cloward

Lloyd Ohlin

Differential Opportunity Theory

179

(1)

Structural Theories and Gender

180

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

181

(2)

Key Terms

183

(1)

CHAPTER 7 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES: EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL PROCESS

184

(33)

Learning Theories

186

(8)

Edwin H. Sutherland

Differential Association Theory

187

(3)

DELINQUENT PEERS AND DELINQUENCY: THE CAUSAL ORDER DEBATE

190

(2)

Other Learning Theories

192

(2)

Control Theories

194

(19)

Walter Reckless

Containment Theory

195

(1)

Gresham M. Sykes

David Matza

Neutralization and Drift Theory

196

(3)

Travis Hirschi

Social Control Theory

199

(3)

SOCIAL BONDING AND CRIME IN JAPAN

202

(9)

Michael Gottfredson

Travis Hirschi

Self-Control Theory

211

(2)

Integrating Social Process and Structural Explanations

213

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

215

(1)

Key Terms

216

(1)

CHAPTER 8 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES

217

(34)

Labeling Theory

219

(10)

The Relativist Definition of Crime and Deviance

219

(1)

The Imposition of the Deviant Label

220

(2)

The Negative Consequences of Labeling

222

(3)

Critique of Labeling Theory

225

(1)

Revising and Renewing Labeling Theory

226

(1)

HOW SHOULD WE DEAL WITH JUVENILE OFFENDERS?

227

(2)

Conflict and Radical Theories

229

(13)

Consensus and Conflict Perspectives in Sociology

229

(1)

Conflict Perspectives in Criminology

230

(2)

Radical Theories in Criminology

232

(2)

CRIME AND THE ECONOMY IN CHINA AND VIETNAM

234

(8)

Feminist Theories

242

(7)

Feminist Perspectives in Criminology

243

(1)

The Scope of Feminist Theory and Research

244

(2)

Developments in Feminist Criminology

246

(2)

A Final Word on Feminism

248

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

249

(1)

Key Terms

250

(1)

PART III CRIMINAL BEHAVIORS

251

(207)

CHAPTER 9 VIOLENT CRIME: HOMICIDE, ASSAULT, AND ROBBERY

251

(34)

Homicide and Assault

253

(18)

Defining Homicide and Assault

253

(1)

The Patterning and Social Dynamics of Homicide

254

(4)

Trends in U.S. Homicide Rates

258

(2)

Explaining Homicide and Assault

260

(2)

WHY IS CANADA LESS VIOLENT THAN THE UNITED STATES?

262

(7)

Mass Media and Violence

269

(2)

Robbery

271

(5)

Defining Robbery

271

(1)

USING VIOLENCE TO STOP VIOLENCE

272

(1)

The Extent, Patterning, and Costs of Robbery

272

(3)

Types of Robbers

275

(1)

Explaining Robbery

275

(1)

Handguns and Gun Control

276

(5)

The Extent and Distribution of Handguns

277

(1)

The Use of Handguns in Violent Crime

277

(1)

Do Handguns Deter or Promote Violent Crime?

278

(1)

The Effectiveness of Gun Control

279

(1)

The Effectiveness of Tougher Penalties for Handgun Crimes

280

(1)

Reducing Violent Crime

281

(3)

What History Tells Us

282

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

284

(1)

Key Terms

284

(1)

CHAPTER 10 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN

285

(30)

Violence Against Women

287

(20)

An International Problem

288

(1)

Defining Rape and Battering

288

(1)

DOWRY DEATHS IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN

289

(1)

The Extent of Rape and Battering

290

(2)

The Social Patterning of Rape and Battering

292

(4)

Explaining Rape and Battering

296

(5)

The Issue of Husband Battering

301

(1)

Reducing Violence Against Women

302

(2)

IS A WOMAN'S SEXUAL PAST RELEVANT IN A RAPE CASE?

304

(3)

Violence Against Children: Physical and Sexual Abuse

307

(6)

Defining Child Physical and Sexual Abuse

308

(1)

The Extent of Physical and Sexual Abuse

308

(3)

The Patterning of Physical and Sexual Abuse

311

(1)

Explaining Child Abuse

311

(2)

Reducing Child Abuse

313

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

313

(1)

Key Terms

314

(1)

CHAPTER 11 PROPERTY CRIME

315

(28)

Defining Property Crimes

317

(1)

The Extent of Property Crime

318

(1)

The Patterning of Property Crime

319

(3)

The Social Organization of Property Crime

322

(4)

Burglary

323

(3)

PROPERTY CRIME IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND

326

(1)

Property Crime Victimization: Costs and Circumstances

326

(3)

Forgery and Fraud

329

(3)

Check Forgery and Credit Card Fraud

329

(1)

Coupon Fraud

330

(1)

Welfare and Tax Fraud

330

(1)

Insurance Fraud

331

(1)

Explaining Property Crime

332

(6)

Cultural Emphasis on Economic Success

332

(1)

Techniques of Neutralization

333

(1)

Economic Deprivation and Unemployment

334

(1)

Routine Activities and Social Process Factors

335

(1)

Property Crime for Thrills

335

(1)

A Look at Shoplifting and Arson

336

(2)

Reducing Property Crime

338

(3)

TARGET HARDENING: IS INCREASED SECURITY WORTH THE PRICE?

340

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

341

(1)

Key Terms

342

(1)

CHAPTER 12 WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

343

(36)

Defining White-Collar Crime

345

(4)

Edwin Sutherland and White-Collar Crime

346

(1)

Conceptual Problems in Defining White-Collar Crime

347

(1)

Contemporary Views

348

(1)

Occupational Crime: Lawbreaking for Personal Gain

349

(8)

Employee Theft: Pilferage and Embezzling

349

(2)

Collective Embezzlement in the Savings and Loan Industry

351

(1)

Fraud in the Professions

352

(1)

Health-Care Fraud

353

(3)

Financial Fraud

356

(1)

Police and Political Corruption: Violations of Public Trust

357

(1)

Organizational Criminality and Corporate Crime

357

(14)

Corporate Financial Crime

359

(3)

Corporate Violence: Threats to Health and Safety

362

(1)

DID TOBACCO COMPANIES LIE TO CONSUMERS?

363

(5)

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY "DUMPING" IN THE THIRD WORLD

368

(3)

The Economic and Human Costs of White-Collar Crime

371

(1)

Explaining White-Collar Crime

372

(4)

Reducing White-Collar Crime

376

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

376

(2)

Key Terms

378

(1)

CHAPTER 13 POLITICAL CRIME

379

(39)

Defining Political Crime

381

(2)

Crime by Government

383

(15)

Political Repression and Human Rights Violations

383

(3)

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN NIGERIA

386

(8)

Unethical or Illegal Experimentation

394

(1)

State-Corporate Crime

395

(1)

Political Corruption

396

(1)

DO RACE AND ETHNICITY AFFECT WHICH POLITICIANS ARE PROSECUTED FOR ETHICAL VIOLATIONS?

397

(1)

Hate Crime

398

(3)

Crime Against Government

401

(13)

Mass Political Violence: Rebellion, Riots, Terrorism

402

(6)

Civil Disobedience

408

(5)

Espionage and Treason

413

(1)

Explaining and Reducing Political Crime

414

(2)

The Social Patterning of Political Crime

414

(2)

Reducing Political Crime

416

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

416

(1)

Key Terms

417

(1)

CHAPTER 14 PUBLIC ORDER AND ORGANIZED CRIME

418

(40)

Overview of the Public Order Crime Debate

420

(1)

Illegal Drug Use

421

(18)

Drug Use in History

422

(1)

Contemporary U.S. Drug Use

423

(4)

Explaining Illegal Drug Use

427

(3)

The Drugs-Crime Connection

430

(3)

The Legalization Debate

433

(6)

Sexual Offenses: Prostitution and Pornography

439

(9)

Prostitution

439

(3)

Pornography

442

(2)

SHOULD PROSTITUTION BE LEGALIZED?

444

(4)

Gambling

448

(2)

Organized Crime

450

(5)

History of Organized Crime

450

(3)

The Alien Conspiracy Model and Myth

453

(1)

THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC ORDER AND ORGANIZED CRIME

454

(1)

Reducing Public Order and Organized Crime

455

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

457

(1)

Key Terms

457

(1)

PART IV CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING CRIME

458

(89)

CHAPTER 15 POLICING: DILEMMAS OF CRIME CONTROL IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

458

(37)

Crime Control in a Democratic Society

460

(2)

The Ideal of Blind Justice

462

(1)

A Preview of the Discussion

462

(1)

The Development of the Modern Police Force

463

(2)

Working Personality and Police Behavior

465

(8)

Police Misconduct: Brutality

467

(5)

Police Misconduct: Corruption

472

(1)

Police Discretion: To Arrest or Not to Arrest?

473

(9)

POLICE AND POLICING IN JAPAN

474

(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Arrest

475

(5)

Gender and Arrest

480

(2)

The Impact of Policing on Crime

482

(9)

Do Additional Police Deter Crime?

483

(1)

Does Arrest Make a Difference?

484

(2)

THE 1990S DROP IN URBAN CRIME: A RESULT OF "ZERO-TOLERANCE" POLICING?

486

(3)

Community Policing: Real Promise or False Hope?

489

(1)

Legal Technicalities and Police Effectiveness

489

(1)

The Impact of Policing on Crime Revisited

490

(1)

Women and People of Color in Police Forces

491

(2)

Summary and Conclusion

493

(1)

Key Terms

494

(1)

CHAPTER 16 PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT

495

(36)

Criminal Courts and the Adversary System

497

(4)

Prosecutors, the Courtroom Work Group, and Plea Bargaining

499

(2)

Punishment, Social Structure, and Inequality

501

(18)

Social Class and Legal Outcomes

503

(2)

The Impact of Race and Ethnicity

505

(5)

PUNISHING CRIMINALS IN DENMARK AND THE NETHERLANDS

510

(7)

Gender and Sentencing

517

(2)

The Impact of Punishment on Crime

519

(4)

"THREE STRIKES AND YOU'RE OUT" LEGISLATION

520

(2)

The Evidence Against a Deterrent Effect

522

(1)

The Death Penalty Debate

523

(6)

The Cost of the Death Penalty versus the Cost of Life Sentences

525

(1)

General Deterrence and the Death Penalty

525

(1)

Arbitrariness and Racial Discrimination in the Death Penalty's Application

526

(2)

The Quality of Legal Representation of Capital Defendants

528

(1)

Wrongful Executions

529

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

529

(1)

Key Terms

530

(1)

CHAPTER 17 CONCLUSION: HOW CAN WE REDUCE CRIME?

531

(16)

The Criminal Justice System "Funnel"

533

(3)

A Sociological Prescription for Crime Reduction

536

(10)

A. Social, Cultural, and Community Crime Prevention (Primary Prevention)

537

(3)

B. Developmental Crime Prevention (Secondary Prevention)

540

(1)

C. Criminal Justice Approaches (Tertiary Prevention)

541

(5)

Summary and Conclusion

546

(1)

Key Terms

546

(1)

Glossary

547

(9)

References

556

(48)

Photo Acknowledgments

604

(1)

Name Index

605

(10)

Subject Index

615

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding

9780133416039

0133416038

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding

9780133416039

0133416038

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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