Derald Wing Sue, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology and Education in the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, where he also holds a joint appointment with the School of Social Work.

David Sue, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology and an associate at the Center for Cross-Cultural Research at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington.

Helen A. Neville, PhD, is a Professor of Educational Psychology and African American Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Laura Smith, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology and Education in the Counseling Psychology Program at Teachers College, Columbia University.

Preface xix

About the Authors xxii

Section One The Multiple Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 1

Part I The Affective and Conceptual Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 3

Chapter 1 Obstacles to Developing Cultural Competence and Cultural Humility: Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training 5

Reactions to Reading Counseling the Culturally Diverse 6

Emotional Self‐Revelations and Fears: Majority Group Members 9

Emotional Invalidation Versus Affirmation: Marginalized Group Members 11

Recognizing and Understanding Resistance to Multicultural Training 15

Cultural Competence and Emotions 21

Implications for Clinical Practice 22

Summary 23

References 24

Chapter 2 Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) 26

Culture‐Universal (Etic) Versus Culture‐Specific (Emic) Formulations 29

The Nature of Multicultural Counseling Competence 31

A Tripartite Framework for Understanding the Multiple Dimensions of Identity 32

Individual and Universal Biases in Psychology and Mental Health 36

The Impact of Group Identities on Counseling and Psychotherapy 37

What Is Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT)? 37

What Is Cultural Competence? 38

Social Justice and Cultural Competence 41

Implications for Clinical Practice 42

Summary 43

References 44

Chapter 3 Multicultural Counseling Competence for Counselors and Therapists of Marginalized Groups 47

Interracial and Interethnic Biases 49

Impact on Interracial Counseling Relationships 49

Stereotypes Held by Socially Marginalized Group Members 50

The Who‐Is‐More‐Oppressed Game 50

Counselors from Marginalized Groups Working with Majority and Other Marginalized Group Clients 51

The Politics of Interethnic and Interracial Bias and Discrimination 52

The Historical and Political Relationships Between Groups of Color 54

Differences Between Racial/Ethnic Groups 56

Counselors of Color and Dyadic Combinations 58

Implications for Clinical Practice 66

Summary 67

References 68

Part II The Impact and Social Justice Implications of Counseling and Psychotherapy 71

Chapter 4 The Political and Social Justice Implications of Counseling and Psychotherapy 73

The Mental Health Impact of Sociopolitical Oppression 75

Sociopolitical Oppression and the Training of Counseling/Mental Health Professionals 77

Definitions of Mental Health 77

Counseling and Mental Health Literature 80

The Need to Treat Social Problems—Social Justice Counseling 84

Social Justice Counseling 89

Implications for Clinical Practice 92

Summary 93

References 94

Chapter 5 The Impact of Systemic Oppression Within the Counseling Process: Client Worldviews and Counselor Credibility 98

Locating Clients’ Problems Entirely Inside the Clients 99

Culturally Related Responses That Reproduce Stereotypes 100

Responding When the Issues are Our Own: White Fragility 100

Effects of Historical and Current Oppression 101

Counselor Credibility and Attractiveness 107

Formation of Individual and Systemic Worldviews 110

Formation of Worldviews 112

Implications for Clinical Practice 115

Summary 116

References 117

Chapter 6 Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy 119
Christina M. Capodilupo

Contemporary Forms of Oppression 123

The Evolution of the “Isms”: Microaggressions 124

The Dynamics and Dilemmas of Microaggressions 129

Therapeutic Implications 133

Manifestations of Microaggressions in Counseling/Therapy 134

The Path Forward 137

Implications for Clinical Practice 137

Summary 137

References 138

Part III The Practice Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 143

Chapter 7 Multicultural Barriers and the Helping Professional: The Individual Interplay of Cultural Perspectives 145

My Therapist Didn’t Understand 146

Standard Characteristics of Mainstream Counseling 146

Culture‐Bound Values 147

Class‐Bound Values 152

Language Barriers 155

Patterns of “American” Cultural Assumptions and Multicultural Family Counseling/Therapy 156

Time Dimension 158

Relational Dimension 159

Activity Dimension 160

Nature of People Dimension 161

Overgeneralizing and Stereotyping 162

Implications for Clinical Practice 163

Summary 163

References 164

Chapter 8 Communication Style and Its Impact on Counseling and Psychotherapy 168

Communication Styles 170

Sociopolitical Facets of Nonverbal Communication 176

Counseling and Therapy as Communication Style 181

Implications for Clinical Practice 184

Summary 185

References 186

Chapter 9 Multicultural Evidence‐Based Practice (EBP) 188

Evidence‐Based Practice (EBP) and Multiculturalism 191

Evidence‐Based Practice (EBP) and Diversity Issues in Counseling 203

Implications for Clinical Practice 206

Summary 207

References 208

Chapter 10 Non‐Western Indigenous Methods of Healing: Implications for Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) 212

Worldviews and Cultural Syndromes 214

The Principles of Indigenous Healing 218

Examples of Indigenous Healing Approaches 224

Dangers and Benefits of Spirituality 226

Implications for Clinical Practice 227

Summary 227

References 228

Part IV Racial, Ethnic, Cultural (REC) Attitudes in Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 231

Chapter 11 Racial, Ethnic, Cultural (REC) Identity Attitudes in People of Color: Counseling Implications 233

Racial Awakening 234

REC Identity Attitude Models 236

A General Model of REC Identity 238

Counseling Implications of the R/CID Model 246

Value of a General REC Identity Framework 249

Implications for Clinical Practice 251

Summary 251

References 252

Chapter 12 White Racial Identity Development: Counseling Implications 255

Understanding the Dynamics of Whiteness 258

Models of White Racial Identity Development 260

The Process of White Racial Identity Development: A Descriptive Model 263

Developing a Nonracist and Antiracist White Identity 267

Implications for Clinical Practice 273

Summary 273

References 274

Section Two Multicultural Counseling and Specific Populations 277

Part V Understanding Specific Populations 279

Chapter 13 Culturally Competent Assessment 281

Therapist Variables Affecting Diagnosis 283

Cultural Competence and Preventing Diagnostic Errors 284

Contextual and Collaborative Assessment 287

Infusing Cultural Relevance into Standard Clinical Assessments 290

Implications for Clinical Practice 295

Summary 295

References 296

Part VI Counseling and Therapy with Racial/Ethnic Minority Group Populations 299

Chapter 14 Counseling African Americans 301

Characteristics and Strengths 303

Specific Challenges 309

Implications for Clinical Practice 311

Summary 312

References 313

Chapter 15 Counseling American Indians/Native Americans and Alaska Natives 316

Characteristics and Strengths 318

Specific Challenges 321

Implications for Clinical Practice 327

Summary 328

References 328

Chapter 16 Counseling Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 331

Characteristics and Strengths 333

Specific Challenges 339

Implications for Clinical Practice 343

Summary 344

References 345

Chapter 17 Counseling Latinx Populations 348

Characteristics and Strengths 350

Specific Challenges 355

Implications for Clinical Practice 359

Summary 360

References 361

Chapter 18 Counseling Multiracial Populations 364

Characteristics and Strengths 366

Specific Challenges 369

Implications for Clinical Practice 374

Summary 375

References 376

Part VII Counseling and Special Circumstances Involving Racial/Ethnic Populations 379

Chapter 19 Counseling Arab Americans and Muslim Americans 381

Characteristics and Strengths 382

Specific Challenges 385

Implications for Clinical Practice 389

Summary 390

References 390

Chapter 20 Counseling Immigrants and Refugees 393

Characteristics and Strengths 396

Specific Challenges 400

Implications for Clinical Practice 405

Summary 407

References 407

Chapter 21 Counseling Jewish Americans 410

Characteristics and Strengths 412

Specific Challenges 415

Implications for Clinical Practice 418

Summary 420

References 420

Part VIII Counseling and Therapy with Other Multicultural Populations 423

Chapter 22 Counseling Individuals with Disabilities 425

Characteristics and Strengths 427

Specific Challenges 432

Implications for Clinical Practice 437

Summary 438

References 438

Chapter 23 Counseling LGBTQ Populations 441

Characteristics and Strengths 443

Specific Challenges 447

Implications for Clinical Practice 452

Summary 454

References 454

Chapter 24 Counseling Older Adults 458

Characteristics and Strengths 459

Specific Challenges 462

Implications for Clinical Practice 468

Summary 470

References 470

Chapter 25 Counseling Individuals Living in Poverty 474

Characteristics and Strengths 476

Specific Challenges 478

Implications for Clinical Practice 482

Summary 485

References 485

Chapter 26 Counseling Women 488

Characteristics and Strengths 490

Specific Challenges 492

Implications for Clinical Practice 499

Summary 500

References 501

Index 505

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.