Michele Dillon, Ph.D., is Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire, USA, and was educated at University College Dublin, Ireland and the University of California, Berkeley. She has many years of experience teaching sociological theory to undergraduate and graduate students and among a wide range of publications she is the author of Introduction to Sociological Theory 3^rd Edition.

Introduction 1

Part I Classical Theorists 7

1 Karl Marx 9

1A Karl Marx from Wage Labour and Capital 12

II 13

1B Karl Marx and Frederick Engels from Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 17

Profit of Capital 19

1C Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels from The German Ideology 27

2 Emile Durkheim 31

2A Emile Durkheim from The Rules of Sociological Method 34

What is a Social Fact? 34

II 37

2B Emile Durkheim from Suicide: A Study in Sociology 41

3 Max Weber 47

3A Max Weber from The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 50

Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification 50

3B Max Weber from Economy and Society 65

The Definition of Sociology and of Social Action 65

Types of Social Action 71

3C Max Weber from Essays in Sociology 75

Bureaucracy 75

Structures of Power 77

Class, Status, Party 78

The Sociology of Charismatic Authority 80

Science as a Vocation 83

Part II Structural Functionalism, Conflict, and Exchange Theories 89

4 Structural Functionalism 91

4A Robert K. Merton from On Social Structure and Science 94

The Ethos of Science 94

Universalism 94

“Communism” 95

Disinterestedness 95

Organized Skepticism 97

5 Conflict and Dependency Theories 99

5A Ralf Dahrendorf from Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society 101

5B Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto from Dependency and Development in Latin America 107

Theory of Dependency and Capitalistic Development 107

6 Social Exchange 111

6A Peter M. Blau from Exchange and Power in Social Life 113

6B James S. Coleman from Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital 116

Social Capital 116

Human Capital and Social Capital 118

Forms of Social Capital 118

6C Paula England from Sometimes the Social Becomes Personal: Gender, Class, and Sexualities 120

Defining Terms 121

Explaining the Gender Differences 123

Part III Symbolic Interaction, Phenomenology, and Ethnomethodology 129

7 Symbolic Interaction 131

7A George H. Mead from Mind, Self & Society 134

From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist 134

7B Erving Goffman from The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 136

Introduction 136

8 Phenomenology 141

8A Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann from The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge 143

The Reality of Everyday Life 143

Origins of Institutionalization 147

9 Ethnomethodology 159

9A Harold Garfinkel from Studies in Ethnomethodology 161

Practical Sociological Reasoning: Doing Accounts in “Common Sense Situations of Choice” 161

9B Sarah Fenstermaker and Candace West from Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Inequality, Power, and Institutional Change 166

“Difference” as an Ongoing Interactional Accomplishment 166

Common Misapprehensions 168

The Dynamics of Doing Difference 169

Part IV Major Postwar European Influences On Sociological Theory 173

10 Critical Theory: The Frankfurt School 175

10A Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno from Dialectic of Enlightenment 179

10B Jurgen Habermas from The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society 184

11 Pierre Bourdieu 189

11A Pierre Bourdieu from The Forms of Capital 191

Cultural Capital 193

Social Capital 194

11B Pierre Bourdieu from Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste 196

Class Condition and Social Conditioning 198

The Habitus and the Space of Life‐Styles 199

12 Michel Foucault and Queer Theory 209

12A Michel Foucault from The History of Sexuality 212

Method 214

12B Steven Seidman from Queer Theory/Sociology 217

Part V Standpoint Theories Amid Globalization 223

13 Feminist Theories 225

13A Charlotte Perkins Gilman from The Man-Made World or Our Androcentric Culture 229

13B Arlie Hochschild from Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure 231

Framing Rules and Feeling Rules: Issues in Ideology 231

13C Dorothy E. Smith from The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge 233

Relations of Ruling and Objectified Knowledge 235

Women’s Exclusion from the Governing Conceptual Mode 235

Women Sociologists and the Contradiction between Sociology and Experience 236

The Standpoint of Women as a Place to Start 238

13D Patricia Hill Collins from Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment 238

Black Feminist Thought as Critical Social Theory 238

Why U.S. Black Feminist Thought? 242

Black Women as Agents of Knowledge 243

Toward Truth 246

13E Patricia Hill Collins from Intersectionality’s Definitional Dilemmas 249

Racial Formation Theory, Knowledge Projects, and Intersectionality 249

Epistemological Challenges 252

13F R.W. Connell and James W. Messerschmidt from Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept 254

What Should Be Retained 257

What Should Be Rejected 258

Gender Hierarchy 258

14 Postcolonial Theories 263

14A W. E. Burghardt Du Bois from The Souls of Black Folk 267

14B Edward W. Said from Orientalism 270

14C Frantz Fanon from Black Skin, White Masks 273

The Fact of Blackness 273

14D Stuart Hall from Cultural Identity and Diaspora 276

14E Raewyn Connell, Fran Collyer, Joao Maia, and Robert Morrell from Toward a Global Sociology of Knowledge: Post-Colonial Realities and Intellectual Practices 279

Southern Situations and Global Arenas 280

14F Alondra Nelson from The Social Life of DNA: Racial Reconciliation and Institutional Morality after the Genome 282

Postgenomic 282

Reconciliation Projects 284

Slavery and Justice 285

15 Globalization and the Reassessment of Modernity 287

15A Zygmunt Bauman from Liquid Modernity 290

After the Nation‐state 290

15B Anthony Giddens from Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age 296

15C Ulrich Beck from Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity 300

On the Logic of Wealth Distribution and Risk Distribution 300

15D Ulrich Beck and Edgar Grande from Varieties of Second Modernity: The Cosmopolitan Turn in Social and Political Theory and Research 305

15E Jurgen Habermas from Notes on Post-Secular Society 307

The Descriptive Account of a “Post‐Secular Society” – and the Normative Issue of How Citizens of Such a Society Should Understand Themselves 307

Index 311

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