Thinking About Thinking

Memory and Cognition Defined

An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology

    Anticipations of Psychology

    Early Psychology

    Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism

    Dissatifaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change

Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing

    The New Direction

     The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology

2. The Cognitive Science Approach

    Guiding Principles

    Themes

Measuring Information Processes

    Getting Started

    Time and Accuracy Measures

    Guiding Analogies

The Information-Processing Approach

    The Standard Theory

    A Process Model

    The Strict Information Processing Approach

    Some Difficulties

The Modern Cognitive Approach: Cognitive Science

    Updating the Standard Theory

    Fixing the Narrowness

Neurocognition: The Brain and Cognition Together

    Basic Neurology

    Brain Anatomy

    Principles of Functioning

    Split Brain Research and Lateralization

    Methods of Investigation

Neural Net Models: Connectionism

3. Perception and Pattern Recognition

Visual Perception

    Gathering Visual Information

    Visual Sensory Memory

    The Early parts of a Fixation

     A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory

    Trans-saccadic Memory

Pattern Recognition: Written Language

Gestalt Grouping Principles

The Template Approach

Visual Feature Detection

Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition

Connectionist Modeling

Object Recognition and Agnosia

    Recognition by Components

    Agnosia

    Implications for Cognitive Science

Auditory Perception

    Auditory Sensory Memory

    Auditory Pattern Recognition

4. Attention

    Multiple Meaning of Attention

    Basics of Attention

Basic Input Attentional Processes

    Alertness and Arousal

    Orienting Response and Attention Capture

    Spotlight Attention and Visual Search

    Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention

    Hemineglect: An Attention Deficit

Controlled, Voluntary Attention

    Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect

    Selection Models

Attention as a Mental Resource

    Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories

    A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity

    Disadvantages of Automaticity

5. Short-Term Working Memory

Short-Term Memory: A Limited Capacity Bottleneck

The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two

Forgetting from Short-Term Memory

Short-Term Memory Retrieval

Serial Position Effects

Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task

Working Memory

The Components of Working Memory

The Central Executive

The Phonological Loop

The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

The Episodic Buffer

Assessing Working Memory

The Dual Task Method

Working Memory Span

The Role of Working Memory in Cognition

Working Memory and Attention

Working Memory and Long-Term Memory

Working Memory and Reasoning

Sometimes Small Working Memory Spans are Better

6. Learning and Remembering

Preliminary Issues

    Mnemonic Devices

    The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research

    Metamemory

Storing Information in Episodic Memory

    Rehearsal

    Frequency of Rehearsal

    Two Kinds of Rehearsal

    Depth of Processing

    Challenges to Depth of Processing

    Generation and Enactment

    Organization in Storage

    Imagery

    Emotion and Survival Value

    Context and Encoding Specificity

Retrieving Episodic Information

    Decay

    Interference

    Retrieval Failure

    Retrieval Cues

Amnesia and Implicit Memory

    Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory

    Anterograde Amnesia

    Implicit and Explicit Memory

7. Knowing

Semantic Memory

    The Collins and Quillian ( and Loftus) Model

    Smith's Feature Comparison Model

    Empirical Tests of Semantic Memory Models

    Semantic Relatedness

Priming in Semantic Memory

    Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks

    Empirical Demonstrations of Priming

    Priming in Other Tasks

    Automatic and Controlled Priming

    Priming Is an Implicit Process

Schemata and Scripts

Bartlett’s Research

Schemata

Scripts

Evidence of Scripts

<    Context, Connectionism, and the Brain

Connectionism

Connectionism and the Brain

8. Using Knowledge in the Real World

    The Seven Sins of Memory

Facts About the World

The Nature of Propositions

Rules for Deriving Propositions

Are Propositions Real?

       Situation Models and Embodied Cognition

Levels of Representation

Remembering Facts

Metamemory

Source Monitoring

Prospective Memory

Knowing What You Know

False Memories, Eyewitness Memory. and "Forgotten Memories"

    False Memories

    Integration

    Leading Questions and Memory Distortion

    The Misinformation Effect

    Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance

    Stronger Memory Distortion Effects

    Repressed and Recovered Memories

Autobiographical Memories

    The Bahrick Work

    Phenomena of Autobiographical Memory

    The Irony of Memory

9. Language

Linguistic Universals and Functions

    Defining Language

    Language Universals

    Animal Communication

    Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Phonology: The Sounds of Language

    Sounds in Isolation

    Combining Phonemes into Words

    Embodiment in Speech Perception

    Speech Perception and Context

    A Final Puzzle

Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases

    Chomsky's Transformational Grammar

    Limitations of the Transformational Grammar Approach

    The Cognitive Role of Syntax

Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language

    Morphemes

    The Lexical Representation

    Case Grammar

    Interaction of Syntax and Semantics

    Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches

Brain and Language

    Language in the Intact Brain

    Aphasia

    Generalizing from Aphasia

10. Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Getting Started: An Overview

    Conceptual and Rule Knowledge

    Traditional Comprehension Research

    Online Comprehension Tasks

    Metacomprehension

    Comprehension as Mental Structure Building

    Levels of Comprehension

 Reading

    Gaze Duration

    Basic Online Reading Effects

    A Model of Reading

    Summary

Reference, Situation Models, and Events

Reference

Situation Models

Events

        Conversation and Gesture

    The Structure of Conversations

    Cognitive Conversational Characteristics

    Empirical Effects in Conversation

    Gesture

11. Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

Formal Logic and Reasoning

    Syllogisms

    Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q

    Hypothesis Testing

Decisions

    Decisions About Physical Differences

    Decisions About Symbolic Differences

    Decisions About Geographic Distances

Decisions and Reasoning Under Uncertainty

    Algorithms and Heuristics

    Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies

    The Representativeness Heuristic

    The Availability Heuristics

    The Simulation Heuristics

    The Undoing Heuristics: Counterfactual Reasoning

    Adaptive Thinking and " Fast, Frugal" Heuristics

    The Ongoing Debate

Limitations in Reasoning

    Limited Domain Knowledge

    Limitations in Processing Resources

Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births

Coin Tosses

Hospital Births 

12. Problem Solving

    The Status of Problem-Solving Area

Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving

    Early Gestalt Research

    Difficulties in Problem Solving

Insight and Analogy

    Insight

    Analogy

    Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight

Basics of Problem Solving

    Characteristics of Problem Solving

    A Vocabulary of Problem Solving

Means-End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic

    The Basics of Means-End Analysis

    The Tower of Hanoi

    General Problem Solver

Improving Your Problem Solving

    Increase Your Domain Knowledge

    Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution

    Follow a Systematic Plan

    Draw Inferences

    Develop Subgoals

    Work Backward

    Search for Contradictions

    Search for Relations Among Problems

    Find  a Different Problem Representation

    Stay Calm

    If All Else Fails, Try Practice

Glossary

References

Photo Credits

Name Index

Subjet Index

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