9780130873668

This unique collection of 30 readings, written by leading researchers in the field of social psychology, pairs classic and contemporary articles on key topics that illustrate the contrast between the old and the newand the progress and advances of various aspects of the entire discipline. It encourages readers to notice the similarities and differences among the articles and issues.Selections include classic articles by such figures as Leon Festinger, Stanley Milgram, and Edward Jonesas well as more recent ones that have risen to classic status due to their impact on the field. The inclusion of contemporary articles show that important thinking still goes on. Featured topics explore social cognition; prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes; well being and health; interpersonal relations; prosocial behavior; aggression; attitudes; persuasion; and law and order.For individuals interested in the field of social psychology.

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Preface

vii

PART I INTRODUCTION TO A DISCIPLINE

1

(32)

An Introduction to Social Psychology

Classic: The Dynamogenic Factors in Pacemaking and Competition

3

(11)

N. Triplett

Contemporary: A Glance Back at a Quarter Century of Social Psychology

14

(19)

E. Berscheid

PART II SOCIAL COGNITION: PERCEIVING THE SOCIAL WORLD

33

(48)

Social Cognition: Perceiving and Understanding Individuals

Classic: How Do People Perceive the Causes of Behavior?

34

(13)

E. E. Jones

Contemporary: Like Goes with Like: The Role of Representativeness in Erroneous and Pseudoscientific Beliefs

47

(12)

T. Gilovich

K. Savitsky

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes: Perceiving and Understanding Groups

Classic: The Robber's Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation

59

(12)

M. Sherif

Contemporary: Thin Ice: ``Stereotype Threat'' and Black College Students

71

(10)

Claude Steele

PART III THE SELF

81

(40)

The Self: Perceiving and Understanding Others

Classic: Cognitive, Social, and Psychological Determinants of Emotional State

82

(12)

S. Schachter

J. E. Singer

Contemporary: The Pursuit of Happiness

94

(5)

D. G. Myers

E. Diener

Well-Being and Health: Caring for the Self

Classic: Confronting a Traumatic Event: Toward an Understanding of Inhibition and Disease

99

(12)

J. W. Pennebaker

S. K. Beall

Contemporary: Psychological Stress, Immunity, and Upper Respiratory Infections

111

(10)

S. Cohen

PART IV RELATIONSHIPS

121

(34)

Interpersonal Attraction: Our Liking For Others

Classic: Physical Attractiveness

122

(8)

E. Berscheid

E. Hatfield

Contemporary: The Biology of Beauty

130

(8)

G. Cowley

Close Relationships: The Nature of Intimate Relations

Classic: Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety

138

(9)

D. G. Dutton

A. P. Aron

Contemporary: What Makes Marriage Work?

147

(8)

J. Gottman

PART V HELPING AND HURTING OTHERS

155

(38)

Prosocial Behavior

Classic: Models and Helping: Naturalistic Studies in Aiding Behavior

156

(9)

J. H. Bryan

M. A. Test

Contemporary: Cities with Heart

165

(9)

R. V. Levine

Aggression

Classic: Weapons as Aggression-Eliciting Stimuli

174

(10)

L. Berkowitz

A. LePage

Contemporary: Bullying or Peer Abuse at School: Facts and Intervention

184

(9)

D. Olweus

PART VI FORMULATING PERSPECTIVES ON THE WORLD

193

(40)

Attitudes: Appraising Our Social Worlds

Classic: Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance

194

(10)

L. Festinger

J. M. Carlsmith

Contemporary: Toward an Understanding of the Motivation Underlying Dissonance Effects: Is the Production of Aversive Consequences Necessary?

204

(10)

E. Harmon-Jones

Persuasion: Changing Attitudes

Classic: The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

214

(12)

R. E. Petty

J. T. Cacioppo

Contemporary: A Social Psychological Perspective on the Role of Knowledge About AIDS in AIDS Prevention

226

(7)

M. Helweg-Larsen

B. E. Collins

PART VII SOCIAL INFLUENCE

233

(38)

Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience: Following the Lead of Others

Classic: Behavioral Study of Obedience

234

(14)

S. Milgram

Contemporary: Commitment and Consistency

248

(8)

R. B. Cialdini

Law and Order: The Legal System

Classic: Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction Between Language and Memory

256

(7)

E. F. Loftus

J. C. Palmer

Contemporary: Eyewitness Suggestibility

263

(8)

D. S. Lindsay

PART VIII THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF SOCIETY

271

(29)

Groups: Joining with Others

Classic: Social Facilitation

272

(9)

R. B. Zajonc

Contemporary: Group Decision Fiascoes Continue: Space Shuttle Challenger and a Revised Groupthink Framework

281

(11)

G. Moorhead

R. Ference

C. P. Neck

Business, Organizations, and the Environment: Applying Social Psychology in a Complex World

Classic: The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization

292

(8)

E. Mayo

Contemporary: Ambivalence and Stereotypes Cause Sexual Harassment: A Theory with Implications for Organizational Change

300

S. T. Fiske

P. Glick

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PREFACE Classic and Contemporary Readings in Social Psychologyis a unique set of 30 paired selections from articles and books encompassing the breadth of the field of social psychology. Each reading represents either a classic, seminal article or a contemporary work that addresses a topic relevant to social psychology. The classic articles are written by a "who''s who" in the field, including such figures as Leon Festinger, Stanley Milgram, and Edward Jones. In addition, we have included more recent articles that have risen to classic status because of their impact on the field and the frequency with which they are cited. The contemporary articles are written by a variety of individuals, most of whom are active scholars in the field of social psychology. Each is a recent and provocative report on some fundamental social psychological topic or issue. By pairing classic and contemporary articles, readers can plainly see the contrast between the old and the new, illustrating the progress and advances of the discipline. In choosing these readings, we have cast our net widely. In addition to traditional journal articles, we examined book chapters, magazine articles, and even presentations at meetings and conventions. Our goal was not just to find articles that were technically sound or ones that revolutionized the field. Rather, we also sought to identify articles that helped to provide a picture of the development of the field, the concerns of its practitioners at a given moment in history, and a sense of the dynamic qualities of a constantly evolving discipline. In editing the articles, we tried to provide sufficient detail to convey the depth, subtleties, and importance of the work being described. Furthermore, we tried to keep intact the original voice of the researcher who wrote the piece. At the same time, we avoid including so much technical material that the readers would get mired in detail and miss the forest for the trees. To meet these editing requirements, we were careful to choose sources that were accessible to students. In some articles, for purposes of clarity, we abridged and condensed the original text. In such cases, we have made clear where material has been dropped by inserting ellipses. Each article begins with an introduction that provides a broad conceptual orientation to the piece. When appropriate, we have included a historical framework, discussing the import of the article and giving a sense of what social psychology was like at the time the article was written. These introductions not only show how the field has progressed and changed but also point out how the various parts of the field form a cohesive whole. Each article is followed by a series of questions designed to promote recall of the information that is presented and to consolidate the material. These questions are also meant to raise intriguing issues and challenge assumptions that readers may have developed. Most important, they are designed to make readers think critically about the articles'' content. READING ABOUT EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Each year researchers conduct thousands of empirical studies on topics related to social psychology. One of the challenges that face students who are just beginning to learn about the field is how to locate articles, chapters, and other reports of studies that are relevant to their interests. The goal of this section is to introduce you to the many outlets that social psychologists use to present their research findings. We begin by briefly describing five sources of psychological information -- textbooks, professional conferences, empirical articles, academic books and review articles, and the popular press -- and then focus on the most important source: the empirical article. As you will see, each type has its advantages and disadvantages. Undergraduate textbooks.You are probably reading or have read one or two undergraduate textbooks about psychology. Such texts present a large amount of information in a relatively small amount of space. They are ideal for people who are first learning about psychology or one of its many subareas. However, as a secondary source, texts are somewhat limited. One limitation is that they represent the author(s)''s interpretation of other people''s work. Although textbook authors strive to be accurate, occasionally their own biases creep into their work. Additionally, because new discoveries are made every day, you have to read primary sources to stay on top of the field. Professional conferences.Perhaps the best way to learn about the most current research in psychology is to attend professional conferences. New findings are often presented at professional conferences before they appear anywhere else. If you are unable to attend a conference, you may be able to read a report of the talks that were given. Most psychologists will, upon request, send a paper version of their talk to people who were unable to hear them in person. Additionally, some organizations routinely publish all of the talks presented at their conferences. Empirical articles.Although data are often presented first at a professional conference, the most important medium for communicating new findings is the empirical article. The empirical article is especially important because it is the only place where research projects are described in complete detail. This makes journals invaluable as primary sources. It is impossible to evaluate a research project fairly without reading the empirical article that describes the work. Empirical journal articles are an important source of information for another reason. Before a journal will agree to publish an article, the research must pass a rigorous review process. Articles submitted for possible publication are sent to an action editor who is knowledgeable in the field that the article discusses. Action editors read the article themselves and then send it out to two or more experts on the issues raised in the article. Only after the reviewers and action editor are satisfied that an article is methodologically sound and will make an important contribution to the field will they agree to publish it. Many of the top journals reject 80 to 90 percent of the articles that researchers submit for publication. Because of this thorough review process, articles that journals agree to publish are likely to be largely fair and sound. Unfortunately, empirical articles are somewhat difficult to read if you are not a psychologist yourself. In the next section we outline the typically empirical article. Knowing how empirical articles are organized will help get the most out of reading them. And you will soon get a chance to practice your new skills: Readings 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 21, and 23 in this volume are reprints of empirical articles from some of the top journals in social psychology. Academic books and review articles.After a researcher has published several empirical articles on the same general topic, he or she may decide to write a paper that summarizes the most important or interesting of his or her findings. There are two outlets for such reviews: review articles and academic books. Many academic books are collections of edited chapters, with each chapter being written by a different researcher. Some authors of book chapters and review articles focus primarily on one person''s research (usually their own). Readings 10, 18, 20, and 22 are examples of articles that primarily review the author''s own work. In contrast, some authors of book chapters and review articles focus less on their own work and instead attempt to give a complete picture of all the latest research in a particular area. Readings 11 and 27 are examples of this type of review. The popular press.Researchers whose w

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Classic and Contemporary Readings in Social Psychology

Classic and Contemporary Readings in Social Psychology

0130873667

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