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Psychological Testing Principles, Applications, and Issues

by: Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P.

Psychological Testing Principles, Applications, and Issues

by: Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P.

ISBN 13:
9780534633066
ISBN 10:
0534633064
Edition: 6th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/15/2004
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Part I: PRINCIPLES. 1. Introduction. 2. Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing. 3. Correlation and Regression. 4. Reliability. 5. Validity. 6. Writing and Evaluating Test Items. 7. Test Administration. Part II: APPLICATIONS. 8. Interviewing Techniques. 9. Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales. 10. The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-III, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-III. 11. Testing in Education: Tests of Ability in Education and Special Education. 12. Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service and the Military. 13. Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings. 14. Projective Personality Tests. 15. Tests Based on Psychological Science and the New Age of Computers. 16. Testing in Counseling Psychology. 17. Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care. 18. Testing in Industrial and Business Settings. Part III: ISSUES. 19. Test Bias. 20. Testing in Forensic Settings. 21. Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing.

Part I Principles

Introduction

(24)

Basic Concepts

(4)

What a Test Is

(1)

Types of Tests

(3)

Overview of the Book

(1)

Principles of Psychological Testing

(1)

Applications of Psychological Testing

(1)

Issues of Psychological Testing

(1)

Historical Perspective

(12)

Early Antecedents

(1)

Charles Darwin and Individual Differences

(1)

Experimental Psychology and Psychophysical Measurement

(1)

The Evolution of Intelligence and Standardized Achievement Tests

(3)

Personality Tests: 1920--1940

(3)

The Emergence of New Approaches to Personality Testing

(1)

The Period of Rapid Changes in the Status of Testing

(2)

The Current Environment

(1)

Summary

(1)

Web Activity

(1)

Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing

(37)

Why We Need Statistics

(1)

Scales of Measurement

(4)

Properties of Scales

(2)

Types of Scales

(2)

Permissible Operations

(1)

Frequency Distributions

(3)

Percentile Ranks

(4)

Percentiles

(1)

Describing Distributions

(14)

Mean

(1)

Standard Deviation

(2)

Z Score

(3)

Standard Normal Deviation

(5)

McCall's T

(1)

Quartiles and Deciles

(2)

Norms

(7)

Age-Related Norms

(1)

Tracking

(5)

Criterion-Referenced Tests

(1)

Summary

(1)

Web Activity

(1)

Correlation and Regression

(37)

The Scatter Diagram

(2)

Correlation

(1)

Regression

(13)

The Regression Line

(2)

The Best-Fitting Line

(2)

Testing the Statistical Significance of a Correlation Coefficient

(5)

How to Interpret a Regression Plot

(4)

Other Correlation Coefficients

(1)

Terms and Issues in the Use of Correlation

(6)

Residual

(2)

Standard Error of Estimate

(1)

Coefficient of Determination

(1)

Coefficient of Alienation

(1)

Shrinkage

(1)

Cross Validation

(1)

The Correlation-Causation Problem

(1)

Third Variable Explanation

(1)

Restricted Range

(2)

Multivariate Analysis (Optional)

(6)

General Approach

(1)

An Example Using Multiple Regression

(1)

Discriminant Analysis

(1)

Factor Analysis

(3)

Summary

(1)

Calculation of a Regression Equation and a Correlation Coefficient

(5)

Calculation of a Regression Equation (Data from Table 3-5)

(2)

Calculation of a Correlation Coefficient (Data from Table 3-5)

(2)

Web Activity

(1)

Reliability

(33)

History and Theory of Reliability

100

(3)

Conceptualization of Error

100

(1)

Spearman's Early Studies

101

(1)

Basics of Test Score Theory

101

(2)

The Domain Sampling Model

103

(2)

Models of Reliability

105

(12)

Sources of Error

106

(1)

Time Sampling: The Test--Retest Method

107

(1)

Item Sampling: Parallel Forms Method

108

(1)

Split-Half Method

109

(2)

KR20 Formula

111

(2)

Coefficient Alpha

113

(1)

Reliability of a Difference Score

114

(3)

Reliability in Behavioral Observation Studies

117

(2)

Connecting Sources of Error with Reliability Assessment Method

119

(1)

Using Reliability Information

120

(8)

Standard Errors of Measurement and the Rubber Yardstick

120

(3)

How Reliable Is Reliable?

123

(1)

What to Do About Low Reliability

124

(4)

Summary

128

(1)

Using Coefficient Alpha to Estimate Split-Half Reliability When the Variances for the Two Halves of the Test Are Unequal

129

(1)

The Calculation of Reliability Using KR20

129

(2)

Web Activity

131

(1)

Validity

132

(25)

Defining Validity

134

(1)

Aspects of Validity

134

(21)

Face Validity

135

(1)

Content-Related Evidence for Validity

135

(2)

Criterion-Related Evidence for Validity

137

(10)

Construct-Related Evidence for Validity

147

(7)

Relationship Between Reliability and Validity

154

(1)

Summary

155

(1)

Web Activity

156

(1)

Writing and Evaluating Test Items

157

(26)

Item Writing

158

(10)

Item Formats

159

(8)

Other Possibilities

167

(1)

Item Analysis

168

(13)

Item Difficulty

168

(2)

Discriminability

170

(2)

Pictures of Item Characteristics

172

(6)

Linking Uncommon Measures

178

(1)

Items for Criterion-Referenced Tests

179

(1)

Limitations of Item Analysis

180

(1)

Summary

181

(1)

Web Activity

182

(1)

Test Administration

183

(18)

The Examiner and the Subject

184

(11)

The Relationship Between Examiner and Test Taker

184

(1)

The Race of the Tester

185

(3)

Language of Test Taker

188

(1)

Training of Test Administrators

188

(1)

Expectancy Effects

188

(2)

Effects of Reinforcing Responses

190

(3)

Computer-Assisted Test Administration

193

(2)

Subject Variables

195

(1)

Behavioral Assessment Methodology

195

(4)

Reactivity

196

(1)

Drift

197

(1)

Expectancies

197

(1)

Deception

198

(1)

Statistical Control of Rating Errors

199

(1)

Summary

199

(1)

Web Activity

200

(1)

Part II Applications

Interviewing Techniques

201

(29)

The Interview as a Test

205

(1)

Reciprocal Nature of Interviewing

206

(1)

Principles of Effective Interviewing

207

(9)

The Proper Attitudes

207

(1)

Responses to Avoid

207

(2)

Effective Responses

209

(1)

Responses to Keep the Interaction Flowing

210

(4)

Measuring Understanding

214

(2)

Types of Interviews

216

(8)

Evaluation Interview

216

(1)

Structured Clinical Interviews

217

(4)

Case History Interview

221

(1)

Mental Status Examination

222

(1)

Developing Interviewing Skills

223

(1)

Sources of Error in the Interview

224

(3)

Interview Validity

224

(3)

Interview Reliability

227

(1)

Summary

227

(2)

Web Activity

229

(1)

Theories of Intelligence and the Binet Scales

230

(22)

The Problem of Defining Intelligence

231

(2)

Binet's Principles of Test Construction

233

(1)

Principle 1: Age Differentiation

233

(1)

Principle 2: General Mental Ability

234

(1)

Spearman's Model of General Mental Ability

234

(2)

Implications of General Mental Intelligence (g)

235

(1)

The gf-gc Theory of Intelligence

236

(1)

The Early Binet Scales

236

(3)

The 1905 Binet-Simon Scale

236

(1)

The 1908 Scale

237

(2)

Terman's Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

239

(5)

The 1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

239

(1)

The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

240

(1)

The 1937 Scale

241

(2)

The 1960 Stanford-Binet Revision and Deviation IQ (SB-LM)

243

(1)

The Modern Binet Scale

244

(6)

Model for the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the Binet Scale

244

(2)

Characteristics of the 1986 Revision

246

(1)

Characteristics of the 2003 Fifth Edition

247

(2)

Psychometric Properties of the 2003 Fifth Edition

249

(1)

Median Validity

250

(1)

Summary

250

(1)

Web Activity

251

(1)

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-III, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-III

252

(26)

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales

254

(2)

Point and Performance Scale Concepts

254

(2)

From the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale to the WAIS-III

256

(1)

Scales, Subtests, and Indexes of the WAIS-III

256

(9)

The Verbal Subtests

258

(3)

Raw Scores, Scaled Scores, and the Verbal IQ

261

(1)

The Performance Subtests

262

(2)

Performance IQs

264

(1)

Full-Scale IQs

264

(1)

Index Scores

264

(1)

Interpretive Features of the Wechsler Tests

265

(3)

Verbal-Performance IQ Comparisons

265

(1)

Pattern Analysis

266

(1)

Hypothetical Case Studies

266

(2)

Psychometric Properties of the Wechsler Adult Scale

268

(2)

Standardization

268

(1)

Reliability

269

(1)

Validity

270

(1)

Evaluation of the Wechsler Adult Scales

270

(1)

Downward Extensions of the WAIS-III: The WISC-IV and the WPPSI-III

270

(5)

The WISC-IV

271

(3)

The WPPSI-III

274

(1)

Summary

275

(2)

Web Activity

277

(1)

Other Individual Tests of Ability in Education and Special Education

278

(33)

Alternative Individual Ability Tests Compared with the Binet and Wechsler Scales

279

(2)

Alternatives Compared with One Another

281

(2)

Specific Individual Ability Tests

283

(16)

Infant Scales

283

(6)

Major Tests for Young Children

289

(6)

General Individual Ability Tests for Handicapped and Special Populations

295

(4)

Testing Learning Disabilities

299

(9)

Visiographic Tests

303

(3)

Creativity: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)

306

(1)

Individual Achievement Tests: Wide Range Achievement Test--3 (WRAT-3)

307

(1)

Legal Issues in Special Education

308

(1)

Schools Are Required by Law to Identify Students with Disabilities

308

(1)

Enforcing a Child's Right Under IDEA

308

(1)

Summary

309

(1)

Web Activity

310

(1)

Standardized Tests in Education, Civil Service, and the Military

311

(36)

Comparison of Group and Individual Ability Tests

313

(2)

Advantages of Individual Tests

313

(1)

Advantages of Group Tests

314

(1)

Overview of Group Tests

315

(2)

Characteristics of Group Tests

315

(1)

Selecting Group Tests

315

(1)

Using Group Tests

316

(1)

Group Tests in the Schools: Kindergarten Through 12th Grade

317

(6)

Achievement Tests Versus Aptitude Tests

317

(1)

Group Achievement Tests

318

(2)

Group Tests of Mental Abilities (Intelligence)

320

(3)

College Entrance Tests

323

(7)

The Scholastic Assessment Test

323

(5)

Cooperative School and College Ability Tests

328

(1)

The American College Test

328

(2)

Graduate and Professional School Entrance Tests

330

(9)

Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Test

330

(6)

Miller Analogies Test

336

(1)

The Law School Admission Test

337

(2)

Nonverbal Group Ability Tests

339

(6)

Raven Progressive Matrices

339

(3)

Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test

342

(1)

IPAT Culture Fair Intelligence Test

343

(1)

Standardized Tests Used in the U.S. Civil Service System

344

(1)

Standardized Tests in the U.S. Military: The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery

344

(1)

Summary

345

(1)

Web Activity

346

(1)

Applications in Clinical and Counseling Settings

347

(43)

Strategies of Structured Personality-Test Construction

349

(4)

Deductive Strategies

350

(1)

Empirical Strategies

351

(1)

Criteria Used in Selecting Tests for Discussion

352

(1)

The Logical-Content Strategy

353

(2)

Woodworth Personal Data Sheet

353

(1)

Early Multidimensional Logical-Content Scales

354

(1)

Mooney Problem Checklist

354

(1)

Criticisms of the Logical-Content Approach

354

(1)

The Criterion-Group Strategy

355

(12)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

355

(11)

California Psychological Inventory--Third Edition

366

(1)

The Factor Analytic Strategy

367

(4)

Guilford's Pioneer Efforts

368

(1)

Cattell's Contribution

368

(3)

Problems with the Factor Analytic Strategy

371

(1)

The Theoretical Strategy

371

(7)

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule

372

(3)

Personality Research Form and Jackson Personality Inventory

375

(1)

Self-Concept

375

(3)

Combination Strategies

378

(4)

Positive Personality Measurement and the NEO-PI-R

378

(1)

The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)

378

(4)

Frequently Used Measures of Positive Personality Traits

382

(4)

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

382

(1)

General Self-Efficacy Scale

382

(1)

Ego Resiliency Scale

382

(1)

Dispositional Resilience Scale

383

(1)

Hope Scale

383

(1)

Life Orientation Test--Revised (LOT-R)

383

(1)

Satisfaction with Life Scale

384

(1)

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

385

(1)

Coping Intervention for Stressful Situations

385

(1)

Core Self-Evaluations

385

(1)

Future of Positive Personality Research

386

(1)

Summary

387

(2)

Web Activity

389

(1)

Projective Personality Tests

390

(31)

The Projective Hypothesis

392

(1)

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

393

(16)

Historical Antecedents

393

(2)

Stimuli, Administration, and Interpretation

395

(6)

Psychometric Properties

401

(8)

An Alternative Inkblot Test: The Holtzman

409

(1)

The Thematic Apperception Test

410

(5)

Stimuli, Administration, and Interpretation

411

(3)

Psychometric Properties

414

(1)

Alternative Apperception Procedures

415

(1)

Nonpictorial Projective Procedures

416

(3)

Word Association Test

416

(1)

Sentence Completion Tasks

417

(1)

Figure Drawing Tests

418

(1)

Summary

419

(1)

Web Activity

420

(1)

Tests Based on Psychological Science and the New Age of Computers

421

(31)

Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment Procedures

423

(12)

The Rationale for Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment

423

(1)

Procedures Based on Operant Conditioning

424

(3)

Self-Report Techniques

427

(4)

Kanfer and Saslow's Functional Approach

431

(1)

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale

432

(1)

Irrational Beliefs Test

433

(1)

Cognitive Functional Analysis

434

(1)

Psychophysiological Procedures

435

(2)

Physiological Variables with Treatment Implications

436

(1)

Evaluation of Psychophysiological Techniques

436

(1)

Computers and Psychological Testing

437

(12)

Computer-Assisted Interview

438

(1)

Computer-Administered Tests

439

(1)

Computer Diagnosis, Scoring, and Reporting of Results

440

(2)

Internet Usage for Psychological Testing

442

(1)

The Computerization of Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment

443

(1)

Tests Possible Only by Computer

444

(1)

Computer-Adaptive Testing

445

(1)

Psychophysical and Signal-Detection Procedures

446

(3)

Summary

449

(1)

Web Activity

450

(2)

Testing in Counseling Psychology

452

(23)

Measuring Interests

453

(16)

The Strong Vocational Interest Blank

454

(1)

The Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory

455

(2)

The Campbell Interest and Skill Survey

457

(5)

The Kuder Occupational Interest Survey

462

(4)

The Jackson Vocational Interest Survey

466

(1)

The Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory

466

(1)

The Career Assessment Inventory

466

(1)

The Self-Directed Search

467

(1)

Eliminating Gender Bias in Interest Measurement

468

(1)

Aptitudes and Interests

469

(1)

Measuring Personal Characteristics for Job Placement

469

(4)

Trait Factor Approach: Osipow's Vocational Dimensions

469

(1)

The Career Maturity Inventory: Super's Development Theory

470

(1)

The California Occupational Preference Survey: Roe's Career-Choice Theory

471

(1)

Are There Stable Personality Traits?

472

(1)

Summary

473

(1)

Web Activity

474

(1)

Testing in Health Psychology and Health Care

475

(34)

Neuropsychological Assessment

476

(17)

Clinical Neuropsychology

476

(5)

Developmental Neuropsychology

481

(3)

Adult Neuropsychology

484

(6)

California Verbal Learning Test

490

(3)

Anxiety and Stress Assessment

493

(9)

Stress and Anxiety

493

(1)

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

494

(1)

Measures of Test Anxiety

495

(4)

Measures of Coping

499

(1)

Ecological Momentary Assessment

500

(1)

Measures of Social Support

501

(1)

Quality-of-Life Assessment

502

(4)

What Is Health-Related Quality of Life?

503

(1)

Common Methods for Measuring Quality of Life

504

(2)

Summary

506

(1)

Web Activity

507

(2)

Testing in Industrial and Business Settings

509

(29)

Personnel Psychology---The Selection of Employees

510

(2)

Employment Interview

510

(2)

Base Rates and Hit Rates

512

(13)

Taylor-Russell Tables

516

(5)

Utility Theory and Decision Analysis

521

(2)

Incremental Validity

523

(2)

Personnel Psychology from the Employee's Perspective: Fitting People to Jobs

525

(2)

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

525

(1)

Tests for Use in Industry: Wonderlic Personnel Test

526

(1)

Measuring Characteristics of the Work Setting

527

(4)

The Social-Ecology Approach

528

(1)

Classifying Environments

529

(2)

Job Analysis

531

(2)

Measuring the Person-Situation Interaction

533

(4)

Summary

537

(1)

Web Activity

537

(1)

Part III Issues

Test Bias

538

(35)

Why Is Test Bias Controversial?

539

(1)

Test Fairness and the Law

540

(4)

The Traditional Defense of Testing

544

(9)

Content-Related Evidence for Validity

545

(3)

Criterion-Related Sources of Bias

548

(5)

Other Approaches to Testing Minority Group Members

553

(7)

Ignorance Versus Stupidity

553

(1)

The Chitling Test

554

(1)

The Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity

555

(1)

The System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment

556

(4)

Suggestions for Solutions

560

(8)

Ethical Concerns and the Definition of Test Bias

560

(3)

Thinking Differently: Finding New Interpretations of Data

563

(2)

Developing Different Criteria

565

(3)

Changing the Social Environment

568

(3)

Summary

571

(1)

Web Activity

572

(1)

Testing in Forensic Settings

573

(38)

Laws Governing the Use of Tests

574

(11)

Federal Authorities

574

(9)

Specific Laws

583

(2)

Major Lawsuits That Have Affected Psychological Testing

585

(24)

Early Desegregation Cases

585

(2)

Stell v. Savannah-Chatham County Board of Education

587

(1)

Hobson v. Hansen

587

(1)

Diana v. State Board of Education

588

(1)

Larry P. v. Wilson Riles

589

(2)

Parents in Action on Special Education v. Hannon

591

(4)

Crawford et al. v. Honig et al.

595

(1)

Marchall v. Georgia

596

(1)

Debra P. v. Turlington

596

(2)

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

598

(1)

Golden Rule Insurance Company et al. v. Washburn et al.

599

(1)

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, Secretary of Transportation et al.

600

(1)

Affirmative Action in Higher Education

600

(1)

Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger

601

(1)

Personnel Cases

602

(5)

Cases Relevant to the Americans with Disabilities Act

607

(2)

A Critical Look at Lawsuits

609

(1)

Summary

609

(1)

Web Activity

610

(1)

Ethics and the Future of Psychological Testing

611

(23)

Issues Shaping the Field of Testing

612

(12)

Professional Issues

612

(5)

Moral Issues

617

(4)

Social Issues

621

(3)

Current Trends

624

(4)

The Proliferation of New Tests

624

(1)

Higher Standards, Improved Technology, and Increasing Objectivity

625

(1)

Greater Public Awareness and Influence

626

(1)

The Computerization of Tests

627

(1)

Testing on the Internet

627

(1)

Future Trends

628

(5)

Future Prospects for Testing Are Promising

628

(1)

The Proliferation of New and Improved Tests Will Continue

629

(1)

Revolutionary Changes: ``Perestroika'' in School Testing?

630

(2)

Controversy, Disagreement, and Change Will Continue

632

(1)

The Integration of Cognitive Science and Computer Science Will Lead to Several Innovations in Testing

632

(1)

Summary

633

(1)

Web Activity

633

(1)

Appendix 1 Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution

634

(3)

Appendix 2 Publishers of Major Tests

637

(4)

Appendix 3 Critical Values of r for α = .05 and α = .01 (Two-Tailed Test)

641

(1)

Appendix 4 Critical Values of t

642

(2)

Appendix 5 Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education

644

(5)

Glossary

649

(6)

References

655

(69)

Name Index

724

(10)

Subject Index

734

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Psychological Testing Principles, Applications, and Issues

Psychological Testing Principles, Applications, and Issues

9780534633066

0534633064

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Psychological Testing Principles, Applications, and Issues

Psychological Testing Principles, Applications, and Issues

9780534633066

0534633064

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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