What Public Speaking Has to Offer

                        Practical Benefits

                        Personal Growth Benefits

                        Introduction to Communication

What This Course Asks of You

                        Respect for the Integrity of Ideas and Information

                        A Concern for Consequences

Final Reflections:  The Fate of Public Discourse

Chapter 2:  Managing Your Fear of Speaking

Understanding Communication Anxiety

Managing Communication Anxiety

                        Reality Testing

                        Selective Relaxation

                        Attitude Adjustments

                        Cognitive Restructuring

                        Visualization

                        Putting it all Together

Final Reflections:  Victory Over Fear

Chapter 3:  Your First Speech:  An Overview of Speech Preparation

Managing the Impressions You Make

                        Competence

                        Integrity

                        Goodwill

                        Dynamism

Planning Your First Speech

                        Step 1:  Find the Right Topic

                        Step 2:  Focus Your Topic

                        Step 3:  Find Material for Your Speech

                        Step 4:  Design Your Speech

                        Step 5:  Outline Your Speech

                        Step 6:  Practice Your Presentation

                        Step 7:  Make Your Presentation

Introducing Yourself or a Classmate:  An Application

Final Reflections:  Exploration Through Preparation

Chapter 4:  Becoming a Better Listener

The Benefits of Effective Listening

                        Listening in the Workplace

                        Listening in the Classroom

The Process of Listening

                        Threshold Listening

                        Critical Listening

                        Empathic Listening

                        Constructive Listening

Effective Listening Behaviors

                        Overcoming External Barriers

                        Overcoming Internal Barriers

Becoming a Critical Listener

                        Do Speakers Support Their Claims?

                        Do Speakers Rely on Credible Sources?

                        Do Speakers Use Words to Reveal or Befuddle?

                        What Strategies Do Speakers Use?

Evaluating Classroom Speeches

                        You as a Constructive Listener

                        You as a Critical Listener

Ethical Responsibilities of a Listener

Final Reflections:  The Golden Rule of Listening

Part Two:  Preparation for Public Speaking

Chapter 5:  Adapting to Your Audience and Situation

Why Audience Analysis is Important

Understanding Audience Demographics

                        Age

                        Gender

                        Educational Level

                        Group Affiliations

Understanding Audience Dynamics

                        Attitudes, Beliefs and Values

                        Gathering Information about Attitudes

                        Motivation

Meeting the Challenges of Audiences Diversity

                        Apply Universal Values

                        Use Speaking Resources Skillfully

                        Avoid Language Pitfalls

                        Avoid Rhetorical Land Mines

Adjusting to the Communication Situation

                        Time

                        Place

                        Occasion

                        Size of Audience

                        Context

Final Reflections:  Keeping Your Audience in Mind

Chapter 6:  Developing Your Topic

What is a Good Topic?

                        A Good Topic Helps You Find Your Voice

                        A Good Topic Involves Your Listeners

                        A Good Topic Is One You Can Manage

Discovering Your Topic Area

                        Brainstorming

                        Interest Charts

                        Media Prompts

Exploring Your Topic Area

                        Mind Mapping

                        Topic Analysis

                        Selecting Your Topic

Refining Your Topic

                        General Purpose

                        Specific Purpose

                        Thesis Statement

An Overview of the Topic Selection Process

Final Reflections:  The Great Chain of Communication

Chapter 7:  Building Responsible Knowledge

Developing a Research Strategy

                        Prepare an Overview

                        Build a Bibliography

                        Acquire In-Depth Knowledge

                        Be Sure Your Information is Up-to-Date

                        Include Local Applications

Acquiring Responsible Knowledge

                        Drawing on Personal Knowledge and Experience

                        Doing Research in the Library

                        Doing Research on the Internet

Evaluating Research Materials

                        Evaluating Material from Library Resources

                        Evaluating Material from the Internet

Interviewing for Information

                        Establish Contact

                        Prepare for the Interview

                        Conduct the Interview

                        Record What You Learn

Taking Notes on Your Research

                        Preparing Source and Information Cards

                        Taking Notes on Your Computer

                        Know What Information to Record

Final Reflections:  Your Substantive Voice

Chapter 8:  Supporting Your Ideas

Facts and Statistics

                        Framing Facts

                        Developing Statistics

                        Constructing Facts and Figures

                        Testing Facts and Figures

Testimony

                        Framing Expert Testimony

                        Developing Lay Testimony

                        Constructing Prestige Testimony

                        Designing Testimony:  Other Considerations

Examples

                        Types of Examples

                        Fashioning Powerful Examples

                        Testing Your Examples

Narratives

                        Types of Narratives

                        Building Narratives

                        Testing Your Story

Selecting and Combining Supporting Materials

Final Reflections:  Developing a Strong Voice

Chapter 9:  Structuring and Outlining Your Speech

Principles of a Well-Structured Speech

                        Simplicity

                        Order

                        Balance

Structuring the Body of Your Speech

                        Selecting Your Main Points

                        Arranging Your Main Points

                        Developing Your Main Points

                        Developing a Working Outline

                        Adding Transitions

 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech

                        Introducing Your Speech

                        Concluding Your Speech

                        Selecting and Using Introductory and Concluding Techniques

Preparing Your Formal Outline

Final Reflections:  Value of the Twin Disciplines

Part Three:  Developing Presentation Skills

Chapter 10:  Developing Presentation Aids

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Presentation Aids

                        Advantages of Presentation Aids

                        Disadvantages of Presentation Aids

Types of Presentation Aids

                        People

                        Objects and Models

                        Graphics

                        Pictures

Presentation Media

                        Traditional Media

                        New Media

Preparing Presentation Aids

                        Principles of Design

                        Principles of Color

                        Making Presentation Aids

Using Presentation Aids

Ethical Considerations for Using Presentation Aids

Final Reflections:  Amplifying Your Voice

Chapter 11:  Putting Words to Work

What Words Can Do

                        What Makes the Spoken Word Special

                        Shaping Perceptions

                        Arousing Feelings

                        Bringing Listeners Together

                        Prompting Listeners to Take Action

                        Celebrating Shared Values

The Six C’s of Language Use

                        Clarity

                        Color

                        Concreteness

                        Correctness

                        Conciseness

                        Cultural Sensitivity

Magnifying the Power of Language

                        Using Figurative Language

                        Changing the Order of Words

                        Using the Sounds of Words to Reinforce Their Sense

Final Reflections:  Give Me the Right Word

Chapter 12:  Presenting Your Speech

The Power of Presentation

Developing Your Physical Voice

                        Pitch

                        Rate

                        Loudness

                        Variety

                        Vocal Problems

Developing Your Body Language

                        Facial Expression and Eye Contact

                        Movement and Gestures

                        Personal Appearance

Developing Versatility in Presentation

                        Impromptu Speaking

                        Memorized Text Presentation

                        Reading from a Manuscript

                        Extemporaneous Speaking

Developing Flexibility in Special Situations

                        Handling Questions and Answers

                        Making Video Presentations

Practicing for Presentation

Final Reflections:  Taking the Stage

Part Four:  Types of Public Speaking

Ch 13:  Informative Speaking

Informative Speaking:  An Orientation

Forms of Informative Speeches

                        Speeches of Description

                        Speeches of Demonstration

                        Speeches of Explanation

Helping Listeners Learn

                        Motivating Audiences to Listen

                        Maintaining Audience Attention

                        Promoting Audience Retention

Speech Designs

                        Categorical Design

                        Comparative Design

                        Spatial Design

                        Sequential Design

                        Chronological Design

                        Causation Design

Rising to the Challenge of the Informative Speech

Briefings:  An Application

Final Reflections:  The Informed Voice

Chapter 14:  Persuasive Speaking

The Nature of Persuasive Speaking

The Types of Persuasive Speaking

                        Speeches That Focus on Facts

                        Speeches That Address Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values

                        Speeches That Advocate Action

The Persuasive Process

                        Awareness

                        Understanding

                        Agreement

                        Enactment

                        Integration

The Challenges of Persuasive Speaking

                        Enticing a Reluctant Audience to Listen

                        Removing Barriers to Commitment

                        Moving from Attitude to Action

                        The Challenge of Ethical Persuasion

Designs for Persuasive Speeches

                        Problem-Solution Design

                        Motivated Sequence Design

                        Refutative Design

                        Design Combinations

Final Reflections:  The Case for Persuasion

Chapter 15:  Building Sound Arguments

Reasoned Persuasion

                        Building Evidence

                        Developing Proofs

The Master Form of Proof

                        Definitions of Central Concepts

                        Reasoning from Principle

                        Reasoning from Reality

                        Reasoning from Parallel Cases

Avoiding Defective Persuasion

                        Defective Evidence

                        Defective Proof

                        Defective Patterns of Reasoning

                        Fallacies Related to Particular Design

Final Reflections:  Persuasion That Has Legs

Chapter 16:  Ceremonial Speaking

Techniques of Ceremonial Speaking

                        Identification

                        Magnification

Types of Ceremonial Speeches

                        The Speech of Tribute

                        The Acceptance Speech

                        The Speech of Introduction

                        The Speech of Inspiration

                        The After-Dinner Speech

                        Master of Ceremonies

Narrative Design

                        Prologue

                        Plot

                        Epilogue

Final Reflections:  And in Conclusion Let Us Say

Appendix A:  Communicating in Small Groups

Appendix B:  Speeches for Analysis

Endnotes

Index

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